摘要(Abstract)：
For more than one hundred years, China's political and intellectual elite have conscientiously rejected some historical political and legal principles and practices while striving to amass economic strength and recover their pride and political independence. In the process of this quest for power and independence, many Chinese and foreign China specialists alike have failed to ask and answer the question: "What made China the world's most populous
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作者(Author): R. Randle Edwards;
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参考文献(References)：
- 1 R. Randle Edwards,The Role of Case Precedent in the Qing Judicial Process,as Reflected in Appellate Rulings,in C. Stephen Hsu,ed. ,Understanding China's Legal System,180 - 209.
- 2 For example,see the Qianlong Emperor's 1740 preface to the revised penal code,Da Qing Luli. Code1( 13) .
- 3 The original article,cited in footnote 1,appends the full text of my English translations of 11 appellate cases decided between 1792 and 1833,The cases are all found in Xingan Huilan 刑案汇览。All citations are to the reprint edition issued in 1968 by Chengwen Publishing Company in Taibei.
- 4 Supra footnote 1,page 203.
- 5 Qing Dai sifa shenpan zhidu yanjiu ( 清代司法审判制度研究 ) ,at 157 ( Hunan Education Press 1988) .
- 6 Id .,158.
- 7 Columbia Journal of Chinese Law,Vol. 1,Number 1,33 - 62 ( 1987) .
- 8 Id.
- 9 The tributary system was a mode of regulating imperial China's trade and other cross-border relationships by requiring citizens of other countries wishing to visit China for any purpose,including trade,to adopt a posture of submission to the emperor as the leader of the civilized world. The very name of China 中国 meant the “central kingdom. ”Under this model,China had no need for the products of other countries. Trade was disguised as reciprocal gifts to show submission on the part of the foreign country and compassion and generosity on the part of the Chinese emperor. For the seminal study of this view of the nature of pre-modern Chinese foreign relations,see S. Y. Teng & J. Fairbank,Ch'ing Administration: Three Studies 107 - 218 ( 1961) .
- 10 Supra note 7,34.
- 11 Supra note 7,35.
- 12 Qingdai Waijiao Shiliao: Jiaqing Chao( 清代外交史料嘉庆朝) [Historical Materials Concerning Foreign Relations in the Qing Period: the Jiaqing Reign],photo reprint ( 1968) ,p. 93.
- 13 Id.,239.
- 14 Id.,176.
- 15 Id.,181.
- 16 Supra note 7,37.
- 17 Id.
- 18 Id.,38
- 19 Da Qing Huidian Shili ( 大 清 汇 典 事 例) [hereinafter HDSL][Administrative Statutes with Precedents of the Great Qing Dynasty] Photo reprint,Taibei,1963. 15 HDSL p. 11,866. See my discussion of this key source for Qing law and public administration at supra note 7,43,where I state: “[The HDSL] is a compact legislative history of the Qing Dynasty,arranged according to the chief substantive functions of the Six Boards ( 六部) and other central government agencies. ”
- 20 Supra note 7,38,note 19.
- 21 See my discussion of the origin and implementation of this humanitarian policy in supra note 7,39, note 29.
- 22 Supra note 7,note 30,39 - 40.
- 23 See text discussion,supra note 7,40,and supra note 7,40,notes 33,34,and 35.
- 24 Supra note 12,176 ,cited in supra note 7,40,note 36.
- 25 The discussion in this paragraph is drawn from supra note 7,40 - 41,and the related footnotes.
- 26 For a discussion of Qing legal sources,how to find,and how to use them,see supra note 7,42 -46.
- 27 For pertinent sources and for a textual discussion of these issues,see supra note 7,44 - 5,and notes 51 - 56.
- 28 See discussion of Qing licensing and passport procedures for both land and sea frontier crossing in supra note 7,46 - 57.
