摘要(Abstract)：
Since the September 11 attacks,member States of the International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO)and the civil aviation community have made great efforts to control illegal acts against security and to decrease the possibility of terrorist offences that threatening aviation safety,which has been proved extremely effective.Incidents involving unruly or disruptive passengers,however,are on the increase.Statistics from the International Air Transport
关键词(KeyWords)：
Abstract:
Keywords:
基金项目(Foundation):
作者(Author): 刘浩;
Email:
参考文献(References)：
- 1 ICAO,AVSECP/20-WP/21.
- 2 SCOTT MCCARTNEY,CRACKING DOWN ON CRIME IN THE SKIES,at http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204778604577239411606291588.html(Last visited on January 7,2015).
- 3 MARK DUNN,AIRLINES SHOW ZERO TOLERANCE FOR UNRULY PASSENGERS,Herald Sun,at http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/airlines-show-zero-tolerance-for-unruly-passengers/story-e6frf7kx-1226601925121(Last visited on January 7,2015).
- 4 SAMI SHUBBER,JURISDICTION OVER OFFENCES ON BOARD AIRCRAFT,at 19(Springer-Verlag,1973).
- 5 The Tokyo Convention(1963),article 1,paragraph 1.
- 6 ICAO,supra note 1,Guidance Material on the Legal Aspects of Unruly/Disruptive Passengers,Cir.288,LE/1,1.
- 7 The 1970 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft(Hague Hijacking Convention),the 1971 Montreal Convention,the 1988 Montreal Protocol,the Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Relating to International Civil Aviation(Beijing Convention),and the Protocol Supplementary to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft(Beijing Protocol).
- 8 Supra note 5,article 4.
- 9 Id.,article 11.See Robert P.Boyle and Roy Pulsifer,The Tokyo Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft,30 J.A.L.C.305,328(1964).
- At present(December 3,2014),the Tokyo Convention(1963)has 185 State Parties,while the Chicago Convention has 191.
- Russel Kane,Time to Put Teeth into Tokyo,43 ZLW 187,192(1994).
- According to section 315 of the German Criminal Code,whoever interferes with the safety of traffic by rail,suspension rail,ship or air by the following acts and thereby endangers the life or limb of another person or property of significant value belonging to another shall be liable to imprisonment from six months to ten years:(1)destroying,damaging or removing facilities or means of transport;(2)setting up obstacles;(3)giving false signs or signals;or(4)undertaking a similar act of intervention of equal dangerousness.
- Christian Giesecke,Unruly Passengers:The Existing Legal System and Proposed Improvements,26 Annals of Air&Space Law 46,50(2001).
- U.S.v.Flores,968 F.2d 1366(1992).
- U.S.v.James Tabacca,924 F.2d 906,907(9th Cir.1991).
- Supra note 5,article 1,paragraph 3.
- The 1970 Hague Hijacking Convention,article 3,paragraph 1,and the 1971 Montreal Convention,article 2,paragraph 1.
- The 2010 Beijing Convention,article 2,paragraph 1.In addition,the Convention on Compensation for Damage Caused by Aircraft to Third Parties,and the Convention on Compensation for Damage to Third Parties,Resulting from Acts of Unlawful Interference Involving Aircraft signed in 2009 also adopt a similar definition of“in flight”.
- Supra note 5,article 3,paragraph 1 and 3,and article 4.
- Article 3,Paragraph 2 of the 1963 Tokyo Convention states that“Each Contracting State shall take such measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction as the State of registration over offences committed on board aircraft registered in such State.”
- The Special Sub-committee of the Legal Committee of ICAO put forward a hypothetical example to illustrate the Tokyo Convention’s jurisdiction gap.See Alejandro Piera,Report of The Rapporteur of The Special Sub-committee on The Preparation of an Instrument to Modernize The Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft of1963,LC/SC-MOT,at A4-13.
- Margaret P.Fogg,Air Rage:Is it a Global Problem?What Proactive Measures Can be Taken to Reduce Air Rage,and Whether the Tokyo Convention Should be Amended to Ensure Prosecution of Air Rage Offenders?,7 ILSA J.Int’l&Comp.L.512,533(2000).
- MICHAEL MILDE,INTERNATIONAL AIR LAW AND ICAO,at 232(Boom Eleven International,2012).
- The 1970 Hague Hijacking Convention,supra note 17,article 7 and 8,the 1971 Montreal Convention,supra note 17,article 7 and 8,the 2010 Beijing Convention,supra note 18,article 10 and 12,and the 2010 Beijing Protocol,article 7and 8.
- ICAO,supra note 1,C-WP/11066.
- Id.
- Id.,Guidance Material on Legal Aspects of Unruly/Disruptive Passengers(June 2002),Cir.288,LE/1.
- Id.,Assembly Resolution 33-4,Adoption of National Legislation on Certain Offences Committed on Board Civil Aircraft(unruly/disruptive passengers).
- In 2003,the ICAO Secretariat conducted a survey that revealed that only 18 States had incorporated ICAO Circular 288,in whole or in part,into their domestic legislations.Due to the initiation of the modernization of the Tokyo Convention,ICAO has not conducted any relevant survey since 2003.As a result,it is not clear how many States have incorporated the Model Law into their domestic legislations.According to information provided by staff of ICAO,little progress has been achieved in this regard since 2003.See ICAO,C-WP/12081.
- Id.,C-WP/11632.
- Id.,Guidance Material on the Legal Aspects of Unruly/Disruptive Passengers,Cir.288,LE/1,at 4.
- Id.,5.
- Jim Hackett,Onboard Electronic Fraud:Piracy in the Twenty-First Century?,36 Air and Space Law 453,454(2011).
- Alejandro Piera,Report of The Rapporteur of The Special Sub-committee on The Preparation of an Instrument to Modernize The Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft of 1963,LC/SC-MOT,at A4-11.
- Margerite E.Ritchie,Offenses Aboard Aircraft(1958),at 44.
- Robert P.Boyle and Roy Pulsifer,supra note 9,328.
- The Hague Hijacking Convention,supra note 17,article 4,paragraph 1,Subparagraph(b),the Montreal Convention,supra note 17,article 5,paragraph 1,subparagraph(c),and the Beijing Convention,supra note 18,article 8,paragraph 1 ,subparagraph(c).
- Alejandro Piera,supra note 34.
