摘要(Abstract)：
全球化的进程已经推进到传统的国内宪法领域。近些年来,世界各国的宪法发展呈现出趋同的态势,各国司法审查的活动也开始相互借鉴和援引各自的法律资源和司法判决,各国高等法院法官之间的交流逐渐增多。宪法全球化肇始于二战之后世界范围内传统议会主权的衰落以及对于行政权扩张的反思,同时也受到了经济全球化的极大促进。宪法的全球化同时也在实践上受到了以美国为代表的宪法民族主义的抵制,在理论上带来了问题:司法审查的全球化使得各国高等法院逐渐脱离本国的民主过程和特殊的宪法文化,呈现出国际的反多数难题。
关键词(KeyWords)： 宪法全球化;司法审查;成文宪法;反多数难题;宪法文化
Abstract:
Keywords:
基金项目(Foundation):
作者(Author): 刘晗;
Email:
参考文献(References)：
- 1Anne-Marie Slaughter,“Judicial Globalization,”40 Va.J.Int’l L.1103,1113–15(2000);Anne-Marie Slaughter and David Bosco,“Plaintiff’s Diplomacy,”79 Foreign Affairs 102(2000);Anne-Marie Slaughter,A New World Order.Princeton University Press,2004,pp.65-103.
- 2 Paul W.Kahn,“Reason and Will in the Origins of American Constitutionalism,”98 Yale L.J.449(1989).
- 3 John.G.A.Pocock,The Ancient Constitution and the Federal Law:A Study of English Historical Thought in the Seventeenth Century,Cambridge University Press,1957.
- 4 John Finnis,Natural Law and Natural Rights,Oxford University Press,1980.
- 5 Thomas Hobbes,Leviathan,Classic Books,2010(1651);John Locke,Two Treatises Of Government,Peter Laslett ed.,Cambridge University Press,1988(1690).
- 6 英国《权利法案》前四条是对于政府结构的规定:“1.凡未经议会同意,以国王权威停止法律或停止法律实施之僭越权力,为非法权力。2.近来以国王权威擅自废除法律或法律实施之僭越权力,为非法权力。3.设立审理宗教事务之钦差法庭之指令,以及一切其他同类指令与法庭,皆为非法而有害。4.凡未经国会准许,借口国王特权,为国王而征收,或供国王使用而征收金钱,超出国会准许之时限或方式者,皆为非法。”参见蒋相泽主编:《世界通史资料选辑》(近代部分)上册,商务印书馆1964年版,第28页。
- 7 英国《权利法案》确认的个人权利有:向国王请愿和寻求救济的权利(第5条)、新教徒持有武器的权利(第7条)、免受过度保释金、罚款、残酷而非常的刑罚的权利(第10条)、受陪审团审判的权利(第11条)。这些都远非后世之人耳熟能详的生命权、平等权、财产权、自由权(言论自由、集会结社自由、人身自由)等。
- 8 Donald S.Lutz,“The States and the U.S.Bill of Rights”,16 S.Ill.U.L.J.251,251-258(1992);Donald s.Lutz,“The State Constitutional Pedigree of the U.S.Bill of Rights”22 Publius,Spring 1992,at 19-20,27-29.Lutz教授认为,美国《权利法案》并非起源于英国《权利法案》,而是殖民地时期各州所颁布的权利法案,尤其是1776年的《弗吉尼亚权利宣言》。
- 9 Alexander M.Bickel,The Least Dangerous Branch:The Supreme Court at the Bar of Politics,Yale University Press,1962pp.4-14.
- Mary Sarah Bilder,“The Corporate Origins of Judicial Review,”116 Yale L.J.502(2006).
- Marbury v.Madison,5 U.S.137(1803).
- 《魏玛宪法》的失败很大程度上源于自身宪法设计的缺陷。其一,《魏玛宪法》设定了较为激进的议会制,实行比例代表制,导致了议会政党极为众多的多党制,很难形成稳定的政府。魏玛在十四年之内经历了二十一任政府。对于魏玛议会民主制缺陷的深入分析和批判,参见Carl Schmitt,The Crisis of Parliamentary Decmocracy,Ellen Kennendy trans.,MIT Press,1988;其二,《魏玛宪法》给与总统巨大的权力,包括解散议会的权力和极为广泛的紧急状态权。在十四年之内,总统运用宪法第48条多达两百五十余次之多。其三,《魏玛宪法》允许国民议会(Reichstag)的三分之二多数可以突破宪法的限制制定法律。希特勒正是通过这项制度获得全权,宣布自己成为“第三帝国的领袖”(Fuhrer of the Third Reich)。
- Judgment of 1 November 1866,reported in UfL VI(1866)165(Wedel Jarlsberg).1814年《挪威宪法》并没有规定法院的违宪审查权,参见http://www.stortinget.no/en/In-English/About-the-Storting/The-Constitution/The-Constitution/。
- Mauro Cappellett,i“The Judicial Process in Comparative Perspective”,58 Cal.L.Rev.1017,1038(1970).
- Carsten Smith,Judicial Review of Parliamentary Legislation:Norway as a European Pioneer,in Amicus Curiae 11-13(2000).
- See David Armitage et al,Interchange:Nationalism and Internationalism in the Era of the Civil War,98 J.Ame.Hist.2(2011).
- Walter Bagehot,The English Constitution,Cambridge University Press,1867.
- [法]卢梭:《社会契约论》,何兆武译,商务印书馆2003年版。
- See Panama Refining Co.v.Ryan,293 U.S.388(1935)(美国最高法院认定《全国工业复兴法案》(National Industrial Recovery Act)违宪)。1935年5月27日,美国最高法院三次判定新政立法或行政举措违宪,这一天也被称为“黑色星期一”(Black Monday):Humphrey’s Executor v.United States,295 U.S.602(1935);Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank v.Radford,295 U.S.555(1935);A.L.A.Schechter Poultry Corp.v.United States,295 U.S.495(1935).
- See Michael Parrish,The Hughes Court:Justices,Rulings,and Legacy,Santa Barbara:ABC-CLIO,Inc.,2002,p.24.2004年,委内瑞拉通过一项类似的法案,授权总统查韦斯重组和清洗委内瑞拉最高法院,将该法院的法官人数由20人增为32名。See Human Rights Watch,Questions and Answers about Venezuela’s Court-Packing Law(July 2004),http://hrw.org/backgrounder/americas/venezuela/2004/.
- West Coast Hotel Co.v.Parrish,300 U.S.379(1937).在该案中,美国最高法院一改之前对于新政的抵制态度,认定华盛顿州的最低工资立法合乎宪法。
- William Leuchtenburg,The Supreme Court Reborn:The Constitutional Revolution in the Age of Roosevelt,New York:Oxford University Press,1995.
- Neal Tate and Thorsten Vallinder,eds.,The Global Expansion of Judicial Power,New York University Press,1995.
- 许崇德、王振民:《从“议会主导”到“行政主导”——评当代宪法发展的一个趋势》,载《清华大学学报》1997年第3期。
- Albert V.Dicey,Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution,Nabu Press,2010,pp.3-4(1897).
- Jeremy Jennings,“From‘Imperial State to l’Etat de Droit’:Benjamin Constant,Blandine Kriegel and the Reform of the French Constitution,”in Constitutionalism in Transformation:European and Theoretical Perspectives,Richard Bellamy and Dario Castiglione,eds.,Blackwell Publishers,1996,pp.76-78.
- Martin Shapiro,“Globalization of Law”,1 Ind.J.Global Legal Stud.37,pp.45-50(1993).
- 林达:《总统是靠不住的:近距离看美国之二》,生活·读书·新知三联书店1998年版;何帆:《大法官说了算:美国司法观察笔记》,法律出版社2010年版。
- Donald Kommers,The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany,Durham:Duke University Press,2012;Mary Volcansek,“Judicial Review and Public Policy in Italy:American Roots and the Italian Hybrid,”in Comparative Judicial Review And Public Policy 89-105(Donald W.Jackson&C.Neal Tate eds.,1992).
- 《日本宪法》(1946)第81条规定:“最高法院为有权决定一切法律、命令、规则以及处分是否符合宪法的终审法院。”
- Alec Stone Sweet,The Birth of Judicial Politics in France:The Constitutional Council in Comparative Perspective,Oxford University Press,1992.
- Joseph Weiler,“The Transformation of Europe”,100 Yale L.J.2403-2483(1991).
- Jochen Frowein,Protection of Fundamental Human Rights as a Vehicle of Integration,in 1 Integration Through Law(M.Cappelletti et al.eds.,1986).
- Mark Tushne,t“Alternative Forms of Judicial Review”,101 Mich.L.Rev.2781(2003).
- Tom Ginsburg,‘The Global Spread of Constitutional Review’in Keith E.Whittington,R.Daniel Kelemen&Gregory A.Caldeira eds.,The Oxford Handbook of Law and Politics,Oxford University Press,2008,p.81 and footnote 1.
- Gen.Lucious D.Clay,Decision in Germany:A Personal Report on the Four Crucial Years that Set the Course of Future World History,Doubleday,1950.
- 最初的1949年《德国基本法》序言如此写道:“意识到其对于上帝和人类的责任,受到保持其民族政治统一和作为一个统一欧洲的平等成员服务于世界和平的意志的激发,德国各邦人民……依据其制宪权,通过此部《德意志联邦共和国基本法》,以给与转型时期的政治生活以新的秩序。他们也代表那些未被允许参与的德国人行事。全体德国人仍然被号召起来,以自由自决的方式完成德国的统一和自由。”Carl J.Friedrich,Rebuilding the German Constitution II,43 Am.Pol.Sci.Rev.704,705-06(1949)(quoting Grundgesetz Für Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland[Grundgesetz][Gg][Basic Law],May 23,1949,BGBl.I at pmbl.(Ger.).此处中文译文为笔者试译。
- Ralf Rogowski&Thomas Gawron,eds.,Constitutional Courts in Comparison:The US Supreme Court and the German Federal Constitutional Court,Berghahn Books,2002.
- Juan J.Linz,“The Virtues of Parliamentarism,”1 Journal of Democracy,84-91(1990).
- Mary L.Volcansek,“Constitutional Courts as Veto Players:Divorce and Decrees in Italy,”39 European Journal of Political Research 347(2001).
- Kyoko Inoue,MacA rthur’s Japanese Constitution:A Linguistic and Cultural Study of Its Making,University of Chicago Press,1991.
- Ibrahim Gambr,i“Constitutionalism in Africa”,in Thompson,Kenneth W.The US Constitution and Constitutionalism in Africa.Vol.5.Univ.Press of America,1990,pp.27-53.
- Andrea Bonime-Blanc,Spain’s Transition To Democracy:The Politics of Constitution-Making,Westview Press,1987;Robert Goldwin and Art Kaufman,Constitution Makers on Constitution Making:The Experience of Eight Nations,No.479,American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research,1988.
- Samuel Huntington,The Third Wave:Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century,University of Oklahoma Press,1991;Keith S.Rosenn,“Judicial Review in Brazil:Developments Under the 1988 Constitution”,7 Sw.J.of L.&Trade Am.291(2000).
- Gavin Healy,“Judicial Activism in the New Constitutional Court of Korea,”14 Colum.J.Asian L.213(2000).
- Andrew Arato and Zoltan Miklos,i“Constitution Making and Transitional Politics in Hungary,”in Framing the State in Times of Transition:Case Studies in Constitution Making,Laurel Miller ed.,2005,pp.350-90.
- Albert Melone,Creating Parliamentary Government:The Transition to Democracy in Bulgaria,Ohio State University Press,1998.
- Robert Ahdieh,Russia’s Constitutional Revolution:Legal Consciousness and the Transition to Democracy,1985-1996,Penn State Press,2010.
- Jiri Priban,Dissidents of Law,Burlington Ashgate,2002.
- Mark Brzezinski and Leszek Garlick,i“Judicial Review in Post-Communist Poland:The Emergence of a Rechtsstaat,”31Stan.J.Int’l L.13(1995).
- Tom Ginsburg and Gombosuren Ganzorig,“When Courts and Politics Collide:Mongolia’s Constitutional Crisis,”14 Colum.J.Asian L.309(2000).
- LászlóSólyom and Georg Brunner,eds.,Constitutional Judiciary in a New Democracy:The Hungarian Constitutional Court,University of Michigan Press,2000;Jon Ester,Institutional Design in Post-communist Societies,Cambridge University Press,1998;Bruce Ackerman,The Future of Liberal Revolution,Yale University Press,1992;Herman Schwartz,The Struggle for Constitutional Justice in Post-Communist Europe,University of Chicago Press,2000.
- Hassen Ebrahim,The Soul of a Nation:Constitution-Making in South Africa,Oxford University Press,1998.
- Reiner Knopff and F.L.Morton,Charter Politics,Scarborough,Canada:Nelson,1992.
- Stephen Gardbaum,The New Commonwealth Constitutionalism:Theory and Practice,Cambridge University Press,2013,pp.97-128;Mark Tushne,t“Weak Form Judicial Review and‘Core’Civil liberties,”41 Harv.C.R-C.L.L.Rev.1(2006).
- Sujit Choudhry,“Globalization in Search of Justification:Toward a Theory of Comparative Constitutional Interpretation,”74Ind.L.J.819,821-22(1999).
- Janet L.Hieber,t“Parliamentary Bills of Rights:An Alternative Model?”69 Mod.L.Rev.7(2006).
- Aharon Barak,“A Constitutional Revolution:Israel’s Basic Laws”,4 Const.F.83(1992-1993).
- Ran Hirch,l“Israel’s‘Constitutional Revolution’:The Legal Interpretation of Entrenched Civil Liberties in an Emerging Neo-Liberal Economic Order,”46 Am.J.Comp.L.427-452(1998).
- HCJ 98/69 A.Bergman v.Minister of Finance and State Comptroller(1969)(I)23 P.D.693.
- Eli M.Salzberger,Judicial Activism in Israel,in Brice Dickson ed.,Judicial Activism in Common Law Supreme Courts,Oxford University Press,2007.
- J.H.H.Weiler,“The Transformation of Europe,”100 Yale.L.J.2403(1991).
- Quoted in Ian Ward,A Critical Introduction to European Law,Cambridge University Press,2009,p.7.
- Case 26/62,1963 ECR 1.允许一个荷兰私人进口商直接依据罗马公约中的欧共体统一市场条款挑战荷兰政府。
- Case 6/64,E.C.R.585.确定了“直接效力”原则。该原则的讨论参见George Bermann et al,Cases and Materials on European Community Law 166-203(1993).
- Miguel Maduro,We the Court:the European Court of Justice and the European Economic Constitution:A Critical Reading Of Article 30 of the EC Treaty,Oxford:Evanston,Ill.,USA:Hart Pub.,1998.
- Deborah Z.Cass,“The Constitutionalization of International Trade Law,”12 Eur.J.Int’l L.39,49-52(2001).
- David Schneiderman,“Constitution or Model Treaty?Struggling over the Interpretive Authority of NAFTA”,in The Migration of Constitutional Ideas,Sujit Choudry ed.,Cambridge University Press,2006,p.294;Lori M.Wallach,“Accountable Governance in the Era of Globalization:The WTO,NAFTA,and International Harmonization of Standard,”50 U.Kan.L.Rev.823(2002).
- Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms,Nov.5,1950,213 U.N.T.S 222.
- Slanghter,A New World Order,supra note 1,p.80.
- S.v Makwanyane 1995(3)SA 391(CC)(S.Afr.).
- Ncube v.State,2 s.Afr.L.Rep.702(1988)(Zim b.).
- Slaughter,A New World Order,supra note 1.pp.80-81.
- The Fundamental Law of Hungary,2011,§Art.Q.
- South African Constitution,1996§Art.39(1).
- Human Rights Act,1998,c.42§2(1)(U.K.).
- Gorgülüv.Germany,111 BVerfG E 307(2004)(F.R.G.).
- See,e.g.,Hill v.Church of Scientology,[1995]2 S.C.R.1130,paras.122–141(Can.);R.v.Keegstra,[1990]3 S.C.R.697,738,743(Can.)R.v.Morgentaler,[1988]1 S.C.R.30,52–53(Can.).
- See,e.g.,Bijoe Emmanuel v.State of Kerala,(1986)3 S.C.R.518(India);Satpathy v.Dani,A.I.R.1978 S.C.1025,1036-38(India);State of Uttar Pradesh v.Pradip Tandon,A.I.R.1975 S.C.563(India);Rustom Cavasjee Cooper v.Union of India,(1970)3 S.C.R.530,592(India).
- Paul Kahn,“Comparative Constitutionalism in a New Key,”10 Mich.L.Rev.2677-2705(2003).
- S.v Makwanyane 1995(3)SA 391(CC)(S.Afr.).
- 刘晗:《宪法全球化中的逆流》,载《清华法学》2014年第2期。
- Mark Tushne,t“Law and Prudence in the Law of Justiciability:The Transformation and Disappearance of the Political Question Doctrine”,80 N.C.L.Rev.1203(2002).
- [法]托克维尔:《论美国的民主》,董果良译,商务印书馆1997年版,第310页。
- Ran Hirsch,l“New Constitutionalism and Judicialization of Pure Politics Wordwide”,75 Fordham L.Rev.721,729-730(2006).
- Bush v.Gore,531 U.S.98(2000).
- See Legal Resources Found.,Justice in Zimbabwe(Report),http://www.swradioafrica.com/Documents/RDC-report.htm(last visited Sept.20,2006).
- See,e.g.,Decision of the Ukrainian Constitutional Court of Dec.3,2004.
- Italian Court Rules Prodi Election Winner,Guardian Unlimited,Apr.19,2006,http://www.guardian.co.uk/italy/story/0,,1756970,00.html.
- Mexico Court Rejects Fraud Claim,BBC News Online,Aug.29,2006,http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5293796.stm.
- Madagascar Court Annuls Election,BBC News Online,Apr.17,2002,http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1935247.stm.
- Bobb and Anor.[2006]UKPC 22(Trin.&Tobago).
- Text of Kenya Supreme Court Decision Upholding Election Results,http://allafrica.com/stories/201303300415.html.
- Ran Hirsch,l“New Constitutionalism and Judicialization of Pure Politics Wordwide”,supra note 85,721,730-732.
- Operation Dismantle v.The Queen,[1985]1 S.C.R.441.
- Reference re Secession of Quebec,[1998]2 S.C.R.217.
- See Russian Federation Constitutional Court’s Ruling Regarding the Legality of President Boris Yeltsin’s Degree To Send Troops To[Chechnya],(Official Kremlin International News Broadcast July 31,1995);Hirschl,supra note 85,at 731.
- Ran Hirsch,l“New Constitutionalism and Judicialization of Pure Politics Wordwide”,supra note 85,732-734(2006).
- See Certification of the Amended Text of the Constitution of the Republic of S.Afr.1997(2)SA 97(CC);Certification of the Constitution of the Republic of S.Aft.1996(4)SA 744(CC).See also,Hirschl,supra note 85,at 732.
- See Republic of Fiji Islands v.Prasad[2001]1 LRC 665(HC),[2002]2 LRC 743(CA).See also George Williams,“Republic of Fiji v.Prasad”,2 Melbourne Journal of International Law 144,(2001);Hirschl,supra note 85,at 732.
- James Brooke,“Constitutional Court Reinstates South Korea’s Impeached President”,N.Y.Times,May 14,2004;Anthony Faiola,“Court Rejects S.Korean President’s Impeachment”,Wash.Post,May 14,2004;Barbara Demick,“South Korean President Is Reinstated:A Court Rules That His Impeachment Was Unjustified.Meanwhile,New National Assembly Is Set to Take Office”,L.A.Times,May 14,2004.Youngjae Lee,“Law,Politics,and Impeachment:The Impeachment of Roh Moo-hyun From A Comparative Constitutional Perspective”,53 Am.J.Comp.L.403,403(2005);Hirschl,supra note 85,at 732-733.
- Zafar Ali Shah v.Pervez Musharraf,Chief Executive of Pak.,P.L.D.2000 S.C.869.See also,Hirschl,supra note 85,at 733-734.
- Carlo Guarnieri&Patrizia Pederzoli,The Power of Judges:A Comparative Study of Courts and Democracy,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2002.pp.160-82;Hirschl,supra note 85,at 744.
- Stefan Voigt&Eli M.Salzberger,“Choosing Not to Choose:When Politicians Choose to Delegate Powers”,55 Kyklos289 ,294-95(2002);Hirschl,supra note 85,at 744.
- Ran Hirsch,l“New Constitutionalism and Judicialization of Pure Politics Wordwide”,Hirschl,supra note 85,747(2006).
- Dwight Semler,t“Focus:Crisis in Russia-The End of the First Russian Republic,”E.Eur.2 Const.Rev.107(1993);Robert Sharle,t“Russia’s Second Constitutional Court:Politics,Law and Stability,”in Russia in the New Century:Stability or Disorder,Vctoria Bonnell and George Breslauer eds.,Westview Press,2001,pp.59-77.
- Lee Epstein et al.,“The Role of Constitutional Courts in the Establishment and Maintenance of Democratic Systems of Government,”35 Law&Soc’y Rev.117(2001);Hirschl,supra note 85,at 751.
- [古希腊]亚里士多德:《雅典政制》,日知、力野译,商务印书馆,1959年版;[法]孟德斯鸠:《论法的精神》,许明龙译,商务印书馆2012年版。
- Dicey,Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution,supra note 25.中文译名《英宪精义》很大程度上遮蔽了该书的比较宪法学性质。
- William W.Crane&Bernard Moses,Politics:An Introduction To The Study of Comparative Constitutional Law,Forgotten Books,2012(1883).
- John W.Burgess,Political Science and Comparative Constitutional Law:Government.Vol.2.Ginn,1893.
- 王世杰、钱端升:《比较宪法》,中国政法大学出版社2004年版;龚祥瑞:《比较宪法与行政法》,法律出版社2003年版;沈宗灵:《比较宪法——对八国宪法的比较研究》,北京大学出版社2006年版。
- Giovanni Sartori,Comparative Constitutional Engineering,2d ed.,New York University Press,1997.
- Arend Lijphart,Patterns of Democracy:Government Forms&Performance in Thirty-six Countries,2nd Edition,Yale University Press,2012.
- Donald L.Horowitz,Constitutional Change and Democracy in Indonesia,Cambridge University Press,2013,
- Juan Linz&Afred Stephan,Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation:Southern Europe,South America,and Post-Communist Europe,Johns Hopkins University Press,1996.
- Giovanni Sartori,Parties and Party Systems,Cambridge University Press,1976.
- Jon Elster,Ulysses and Sirens,Cambridge univ.press,1983.
- Stephen Holmes,The Cost of Rights:Why Liberty Depends on Taxes,w.w.Norton&company,1999;The Anatomy of Antiliberalism Harvard University Press,1993.
- Adam Przeworski ed.,Democracy and Development;Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World,1950-1990,Cambridge University Press.
- Andrew Arato,Civil Society and Political Theory,MIT Press,1992.这一发现得益于Hirschl的观察。See Ran Hirschl,“Editorial”11 Int’1 J.Con.L.1(2011),pp.4-5.
- Sujit Choudhry ed.,The Migration of Constitutional Ideas,Cambridge University Press,2006;Tom Ginsburg,Judicial Review in New Democracies:Constitutional Courts in Asian Cases,Cambridge University Press,2003;Ran Hirschl,Towards Juristoccacy:The Origins and Consequences of the New Constitutionalism,Harvard University Press,2004.
- Norman Dorsen,Michel Rosenfeld,Andras Sajo&Tom Ginsburg,Comparative Constitutional Law,West,2011;Vicki Jackson&Mark Tushnet,Comparative Constitutional Law,West,2d.,2006;Norman Dorsen et al.,Comparative Constitutionalism:Cases and Materials,West,2003.
- Michel Rosenfeld&Andras Sajo eds.,The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law,Oxford University Press,2012.
- See e.g.,Sujit Choudhry,“Globalization in Search of Justification:Toward a Theory of Comparative Constitutional Interpretation,”74 Indiana L.Rev.820(1999);Vicki C.Jackson,Foreword-Commen:t“Constitutional Comparisons,Convergence,Resistance,Engagement,”119 Harv.L.Rev.109(2005);Mark Tushne,t“The Possibilities of Comparative Constitutional Law,”108 Yale L.J.1225(1999).
- See e.g.,Kai Mller,The Global Model of Human Rights,Oxford Univ.Press,2014.
- See,e.g.,Michael Louis Corrado,Comparative Constitutional Review,Caroline Academic Press,2005.
- See,e.g.,Mark V.Tushnet,Weak Courts,Strong Rights:Judicial Review And Social Welfare Rights In Comparative Constitutional Law,Princeton University Press,2008.
- See,e.g,Robert Fatton,Jr.&R.K.Ramazani,Religion,State,And Society:Jefferson’s Wall Of Separation In Comparative Perspective,Palgrav Macmillan,2009.
- See,e.g.,Michel Rosenfeld,“The Role of Constitutional Scholarship in Comparative Perspective:An Exchange Among Armin von Bogdandy,Robert Post,Mattias Kumm,and Alex-ander Somek,”9 Int’L.J.Const.L.361(2009);Mark Tushne,t“How(and How Not)to Use Comparative Constitutional Law in Basic Constitutional Law Courses,”49 St.Louis U.L.J.671(2005).
- Richard Posner,“Foreword:A Political Court”,119 Harv.L.Rev.32(2005).
- Mark Tushne,t“The Inevitable Globalizafion of Constifutional Law”,49 Va.J.Int’l.L 985,988-995(2009).本节基本分析结构沿用了Tushnet教授的概括。
- Id.,at 988-989.
- State v.Makwanyane,1995(3)SA 391(CC).
- See Christa Rautenbach,Presentation at the VIII World Congress of the International Association of Constitutional Law:Use of Foreign Precedents by South African Constitutional Judges:Making Sense of Statistics(Dec.8,2010).
- Paul W.Kahn,“Independence and Responsibility in the Judicial Role”,in Irwin P.Stotzky,Transition to Democracy in Latin America:The Role of the Judiciary 73,Westview Press,1993.
- Claire L’Heureux-Dub,“The Importance of Dialogue:Globalization and the International Impact of the Rehnquist Court,”34Tulsa L.J.15,17(1998),at 26.
- Anne-Marie Slaughter,“A Global Community of Courts”,44 Harv.Int’l L.J.191(2003).
- Jacques De Lisle,“Lex Americana:United States Legal Assistance,American Legal Models,and Legal Change in the PostCommunist World and Beyond,”20 U.Pa.J.Int’l Econ.L.179(1999);George P.Fletcher:“Searching for the Rule of Law in the Wake of Communism,”1992 BYU L.Rev.145(1992).
- http://www.confeuconstco.org/home.html.
- https://www.nyu.edu/global.html;http://www.law.yale.edu/intellectuallife/globalconstitutionalismsemi
