摘要(Abstract)：
规范地位是指某一条款在基本权利内部乃至宪法规范体系中的效力,取决于该条款在特定宪法秩序中的法律属性。尊严条款因其法理基础、宪法文本表述及宪法解释实践的差异在各国宪法上享有不同的地位,归纳起来可分为宪法原则、基础价值、规定功能的宪法概念。我国宪法第38条人格尊严的哲学基础不同于其他国家的人是目的、人格发展、交往理论,而是着重于个人的名誉与荣誉保护;宪法文本表述并非人的尊严、人性尊严,而是人格尊严,且该条既未规定在总纲中,亦未置于"公民的基本权利和义务"一章之首,即使与"国家尊重与保护人权"一款结合起来阅读,亦无法取得与其它国家宪法上的规范地位。人格尊严在我国宪法上属于独立条款,也是公民的一项基本权利,具有具体的法律内容,在宪法解释过程中可作为规范与特定宪法事实相涵摄,证明公民的人格尊严受到了侵犯。
关键词(KeyWords)： 人格尊严;规范价值;法律属性;法律效力;基本权利
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作者(Author): 郑贤君;
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参考文献(References)：
- [1]See Robort Alexy:An Theory of Constitutional Rights,Oxford University Press,2002,p44-93.
- [2]See Giovanni Bognetti,The Concept of Human Dignity in European and US Constitutionalism,published in collections edited by Georg Nolte:European and US Constitutionalism,Cambridge University Press2005,p133.
- [3]These rights are rooted in respect for human dignity,how can there be dignity in a life lived without access to basic service.See Hugh Gorder:Comment both on The Concept of Human Dignity in European written by Giovanni Bognetti and US Constitutionalism and Human Dignity inEurope and the United States:the Social Foundation written by james Q.whitman,Edited by Georg Nolte:European and US Constitutionalism,Cambridge University Press2005,p133.
- [4]See Giovanni Bognetti,The Concept of Human Dignity in European and US Constitutionalism,published in collections edited by Georg Nolte:European and US Constitutionalism,Cambridge University Press2005,p89.
- [5]参见[德]康德:《实践理性批判》,邓晓芒译,商务印书馆1999年版。关于人是目的这一理论,康德除在《实践理性批判》一书中集中阐发以外,在其另一部著作《法的形而上学原理——权利的科学》)中又作出了进一步的说明。归纳起来,康德的法学理论就是尊重人。因为只有人才有自由意志,才有与生俱来的天赋:自由。由于人是理性的动物,又有选择自己行为准则的能力,所以,人必须对自己所选择的行为负责。人,为了自己的自由,必须尊重他人的自由,务必使得自己的自由与他人的自由能并行不悖。参见[德]康德:《法的形而上学原理——权利的科学》,商务印书馆1991年版之“译者的话”,第i-ii.
- [6]See Cass R.Sunstein,Constitution of Many Mind,Published by Princeton University 2009,p148.
- [7](1)Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible.See The Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
- [8]Article22.Everyone,as a member of society,has the right to social security and is entitled to realization,through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State,of the economic,social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.26(2)Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.See also The Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
- [9]The peoples of Europe,in creating an ever closer union among them,are resolved to share a peaceful future based on common values.Conscious of its spiritual and moral heritage,the Union is founded on the indivisible,universal values of human dignity,freedom,equality and solidarity;it is based on the principles of democracy and the rule of law。See Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European union.
- See Giovanni Bognetti,The Concept of Human Dignity in European and US Constitutionalism,published in collections edited by Georg Nolte:European and US Constitutionalism,Cambridge University Press2005,p97.
- See Giovanni Bognetti:The Concept of Human Dignity in European and US Constitutionalism,Edited by Georg Nolte:European and US Constitutionalism,Cambridge University Press2005,p97.
- See Giovanni Bognetti,The Concept of Human Dignity in European and US Constitutionalism,published in collections edited by Georg Nolte:European and US Constitutionalism,Cambridge University Press2005,p98.
- See Giovanni Bognetti,The Concept of Human Dignity in European and US Constitutionalism,published in collections edited by Georg Nolte:European and US Constitutionalism,Cambridge University Press2005,p93.
- See Giovanni Bognetti,The Concept of Human Dignity in European and US Constitutionalism,published in collections edited by Georg Nolte:European and US Constitutionalism,Cambridge University Press2005,p94.
- See Hugh Gorder:Comment both on The Concept of Human Dignity in European written by Giovanni Bognetti and US Constitutionalism and Human Dignity in Europe and the United States:the Social Foundation written by james Q.whitman,Edited by Georg Nolte:European and US Constitutionalism,Cambridge University Press2005,p131.
- See Hugh Gorder:Comment both on The Concept of Human Dignity in European written by Giovanni Bognetti and US Constitutionalism and Human Dignity in Europe and the United States:the Social Foundation written by james Q.whitman,Edited by Georg Nolte:European and US Constitutionalism,Cambridge University Press2005,p131.
- 参见[德]卡尔·拉伦兹:《法学方法论》,陈爱娥译,商务印书馆2003年版,第355-359页。
- [日]大须贺明:《生存权论》,林浩译,法律出版社2001年版,第33页。
- 南非宪法学家用美国一位著名诗人的诗句描述尊严的实际境况:打算阅读某人关于何为尊严……,某人秀我一幅画,我禁不住大笑……,尊严从未被摄入……,有时我困惑何处找寻尊严。The original copy is as follow:Trying to read a note that someone wrote about dignity…Someone showed me a picture and I just laughed,Dignity[has]never been photographed…Sometimes I wonder what it’s gonna take to find dignity。SeeHugh Gorder:Comment both on The Concept of Human Dignity in European written by Giovanni Bognetti and US Constitutionalism and Human Dignity in Europe and the United States:the Social Foundation written by james Q.whitman,Edited by Georg Nolte:European and US Constitutionalism,Cambridge University Press2005,p133.
- 林来梵教授认为第38条前半段是一个具有“一定概括性的一般规定(类似于一般条款)”,这是我国宪法上的人格尊严可作为“基础性价值原理”的依据。参见林来梵:《人的尊严与人格尊严——兼论我国宪法第38条的解释方案》,载《浙江社会科学》2008年第3期。焦洪昌教授亦持此论。作者注。
- 该观点是中国政法大学焦洪昌教授2010年11月于中国财经大学举办的讲座“我国宪法上的人格尊严”时提出来的。作者注。
