作者：赵宏
作者介绍：北京大学法学院研究员
出版日期：2026年10月9日
内容提要 行政程序重开在行政行为已具有不可诉请撤销性后，为当事人提供了仍可要求行政机关重开程序，进而对原行为进行实质审查的可能，故其实质上类似于行政程序中的再审制度，也是行政机关自我纠错体系中的重要一环。但因为实体法规范的阙如，行政程序重开虽已在司法裁判中频繁出现，却常常仅被作为行政行为撤销或废止的程序法问题，或者干脆与行政行为的撤销或废止互相混同。行政程序重开与行政行为的撤销或废止条款虽然都意在排除先前的行政行为，但目标和适用条件并不相同。程序重开由程序法上是否重开程序和实体法上是否重作决定两个部分构成，在每个阶段都有独立的适用要件，这一制度赋予了私人在形式要件和实体要件满足时要求程序重开的实体请求权，对于行政机关在上述两个阶段所作的决定，当事人也都有权诉请救济。在实体法上对行政程序重开进行重新定位和规范阐释，并将其与行政机关的职权撤销和废止明确区分，不仅有助于将行政程序重开从履职之诉的适法性判断中剥离，还有助于促进梯度化的行政机关自我纠错的体系构建。
关键词 行政程序重开 职权性撤销或废止 行政机关自我纠错 重复处理
Abstract: The reopening of administrative proceedings allows parties to request that administrative agencies resume proceedings and subject the original act to substantive review even after the administrative act has become final and non-appealable. As such, it is similar to a retrial system within administrative proceedings and constitutes a crucial component of the administrative agency’s self-correction mechanism. However, due to the absence of substantive legal provisions, although the reopening of administrative proceedings has frequently appeared in judicial rulings, it is often treated merely as a procedural issue related to the revocation or annulment of administrative acts, or is simply conflated with the revocation or annulment of administrative acts. Although provisions regarding the reopening of administrative proceedings and those concerning the revocation or annulment of administrative acts both aim to set aside prior administrative acts, their objectives and conditions for application are not the same. Procedural reopening consists of two parts: whether to reopen the proceedings under procedural law and whether to make a new decision under substantive law, each with its own independent conditions for application. This system grants private individuals a substantive right to request procedural reopening when both formal and substantive requirements are met; therefore, parties have the right to seek relief regarding decisions made by administrative agencies at both of these stages. A substantive legal examination of the reopening of administrative proceedings not only differentiates it from the revocation or annulment of administrative functions and powers by administrative agencies, and helps distinguish it from the legality review in actions for the performance of official duties, but also aims to promote the establishment of a standardized and systematic self-correction mechanism for administrative agencies.