作者：孔祥稳
作者介绍：对外经济贸易大学法学院副教授，法学博士
出版日期：2026年10月9日
内容提要 为应对日益繁重的公共治理任务，立法者倾向于将一部分旨在防范和制止违法行为的公共治理义务课予私人主体，以期分担行政治理压力，降低行政成本。实定法基于私人主体的风险控制责任，为其设定了审核登记、检查监测、信息报告及违法行为劝阻和处置等多种公共治理义务类型。然而，私人主体在履行这些义务的过程中可能面临专业能力不足、治理失灵和治理过度、增加额外成本负担等问题，公共行政的可问责性也可能因此被削弱。为更好平衡各方利益，应当审慎限定此类义务适用的领域和事项，确保私人主体承担的公共治理义务适度和合理，科学设置后设监管机制和责任，并基于公法原则对私人治理行为进行调控。
关键词 公共治理 第三方义务 主体责任 私权力 守门人
Abstract: To address increasingly burdensome public governance tasks, legislators tend to impose on private actors certain public governance duties aimed at preventing and curbing unlawful conduct, with a view to sharing the burden of administrative governance and reducing administrative costs. Under positive law, various types of public governance duties are imposed on private actors on the basis of their responsibilities for risk control, including duties of verification and registration, inspection and monitoring, information reporting, and discouraging and taking action against unlawful conduct. However, in performing these duties, private actors may face problems such as insufficient professional capacity, governance failure and excessive governance, and additional costs; the accountability of public administration may also be weakened as a result. To better balance the interests of all parties, it is necessary to carefully circumscribe the fields and matters to which such duties apply, ensure that the public governance duties imposed on private actors remain proportionate and reasonable, establish well-designed meta-regulatory mechanisms and liability rules, and regulate private governance activities in accordance with public law principles.