作者：张威
作者介绍：中南财经政法大学法学院副教授，法学博士
出版日期：2026年10月9日
内容提要 我国法律和相关司法解释通过设置转移型、继承型、竞合型三种没收案外人违法所得的类型，并原则性规定案外人参与诉讼程序和提起救济的方式，构建了一种以效率为导向的行政型没收模式。然而，这种模式在实体要件和正当程序方面都存在较大缺失，难以为案外人的合法财产权益提供有效制度保障。我国没收案外人违法所得的制度设计应当平衡效率与公正的价值，从行政型没收模式向司法型没收模式转变，以契合案外人没收的利益衡平和案外人诉讼利益维护之需求。司法型没收模式以没收实体要件的法定为前提，借助法定要件的限制和排除事由的明确，来衡平国家没收利益、案外人信赖利益和被害人返还利益；同时，该模式以没收正当程序的构建为保障，通过诉讼参与的实质化、证明机制的明确和事后救济程序的构建，形成司法型没收的程序规则，进而助益经济社会中交易安全价值的有效实现。
关键词 案外人 违法所得 涉案财物 行政型没收 司法型没收
Abstract: China’s laws and relevant judicial interpretations have constructed an efficiency-oriented administrative confiscation model by establishing three types of confiscation of illegal gains of third parties: transfer type, inheritance type, and concurrence type, and providing provisions in principle for third parties to participate in litigation procedures and seek remedies. However, this model has deficiencies in substantive elements and due process, making it difficult to provide effective institutional protection for the legitimate property rights and interests of third parties. The institutional design of the system for confiscating illegal gains of third parties in China should balance the values of efficiency and justice, shifting from an administrative confiscation model to a judicial confiscation model, in order to match the needs of balancing interests in confiscation involving third parties and safeguarding their litigation interests. The judicial confiscation model is premised on the statutory requirements for substantive elements of confiscation. It balances the state’s interests in confiscation, the reliance interests of third parties, and the restitution interests of victims through the limitation of statutory elements and the clarification of exclusionary circumstances. Meanwhile, the model is safeguarded by the establishment of due process for confiscation. Through the substantiation of litigation participation, the clarification of proof mechanisms, and the construction of subsequent remedy procedures, it forms the procedural rules for the judicial confiscation model, thereby facilitating the effective realization of the value of transaction security in the economic and social sphere.