作者：李蕊佚
作者介绍：南开大学法学院副教授，法学博士
出版日期：2026年10月9日
内容提要 基于国家中心主义范式对宪法社会权进行阐释，往往窄化乃至遮蔽了我国宪法社会权条款“权利—义务”复合结构所蕴含的规范功能。回归宪法文本，涉劳动、受教育义务等社会权条款构成的内容形成保留，为立法者构建社会权保障制度提供了内容形成依据；“丧失劳动能力”“有益于人民”等内在限制则为社会权保护范围划定了固有边界。立法者通过社会保障立法，将宪法社会权条款的形成保留和内在限制，转化为个人主张社会权时需履行的法律义务。这些义务在立法中被构造为“资格确认—状态维持—水平衡量”三重非强制性构成要件，构筑了宪法规范向实然权益转化的制度载体。由此，社会权的实现逻辑得以从国家单向给付转向国家履行保障义务与个人践行协同义务的过程。该构造不仅消解了劳动与受教育既作为权利又作为义务的表象悖论，更藉由构成性要件厘定了社会保障领域立法裁量的实体边界，为人口老龄化与经济转型背景下社会保障制度的可持续运行提供了坚实的宪法规范依据。
关键词 社会权 个人义务 形成保留 内在限制 协同保障
Abstract: The state-centric paradigm narrows the normative functions embedded in the rights-obligations composite structure of China’s constitutional social rights provisions. Returning to the constitutional text, the content-formation reservation constituted by provisions involving duties to work and to receive education provides legislative grounds for constructing social rights security systems, while intrinsic limitations such as ‘loss of the ability to work’ and ‘being beneficial to the people’ delimit the inherent boundaries of the protective scope of social rights. Through social security legislation, legislators transform these constitutional norms into legal obligations that individuals must perform when claiming social rights. These obligations are legislatively constructed as a tripartite scheme of non-coercive constitutive requirements — qualification confirmation, status maintenance, and benefit calibration — serving as an institutional channel for translating constitutional norms into enforceable entitlements. Consequently, the logic of social rights realization shifts from unilateral state provision to synergy between state safeguarding obligations and individual collaborative duties. This construction resolves the apparent paradox that labor and education are both rights and obligations, delineates substantive boundaries for legislative discretion, and provides a constitutional normative foundation for the sustainability of social security amid demographic aging and economic restructuring.