作者：黄明儒
作者介绍：湘潭大学法学学部教授
出版日期：2026年10月9日
内容提要 关于中国犯罪参与体系的制度归属，既有学说各有缺陷，而刑法规范属性论能提供新的论证进路。刑法规范兼具行为规范属性与制裁规范属性。就行为规范的违反而言，单人犯罪与共同犯罪具有同质性；就制裁规范的发动而言，我国刑法分则各本条的制裁规范通常只适用于单人犯罪，需要结合《刑法》第25条关于共同故意和共同行为的总则制裁规范，才构成完整的共同犯罪制裁规范。在共同犯罪中，所有参与人以共同实施的整体行为充足特定罪名的构成要件，各参与人的刑事责任则需要依据其地位与作用来确定。根据规范二重性的阶层序位逻辑，行为规范属性实现统一归责，奠定单一正犯的形式基础；制裁规范属性实现差异化处遇，弥补纯粹单一制量刑分层缺失的短板。二者联动形成适配本土立法的“二元的形式单一正犯体系”。
关键词 犯罪参与体系 行为规范 制裁规范 刑法规范属性 二元的形式单一正犯体系
Abstract: Regarding the attribution of the crime participation system in China, existing theories have their own shortcomings, while the attribute theory of criminal law norms offers a new argumentative approach. Criminal law norms have the nature of both behavioral norms and sanction norms. Regarding behavioral norm violations, individual and joint crimes are homogeneous; regarding sanction norm initiation, the sanction norms of the specific provisions of Criminal Law generally apply only to individual crimes; however, to form a comprehensive joint crime sanction system, these must be combined with the general sanctioning rule in article 25 of the Criminal Law on joint intent and conduct. In joint crimes, all participants collectively constitute a unified act meeting specific crime elements; each participant’s liability is determined by their status and role. Under dual normativity’s hierarchical logic, behavioral norms realize unified liability attribution, laying the formal foundation for a single principal offender system; meanwhile, sanction norms realize differentiated treatment, remedying pure monism’s sentencing stratification deficiency. Together they form a ‘dual formal single principal offender system’ adapted to Chinese legislation.