作者：谢鸿飞
作者介绍：中国社会科学院法学研究所、私法研究中心研究员
出版日期：2026年8月9日
内容提要 民法动态体系的要素包括原理性要素和阐释性要素。原理性要素是指从法律秩序提炼的、支撑法律规范的实质评价基准或正当化事由的特定社会事实、状态或关系，不应包括主流动态体系理论纳入的任何次级的法律原则或法原理，它建构的是以价值原则为脉络的高阶动态体系。阐释性要素是阐明原理性要素或证成构成要件和法律效果的具体因素。《民法典》及其司法解释的一大创新是其诸多规范以阐释性要素为基础建构了低度动态体系，且创设了“要素－法律效果”的新规范模式。依据使一方承担不利后果的法律理由的不同，可将民法中的原理性要素提炼为利益、意志、控制、信赖和关系。原理性要素的协同作用具有确定和审视固定要件的重要功能，但需通过要素的体系化等裁判技术克服价值评判恣意。阐释性要素能保障法律的安定性，其适用应避免重复评价，且裁判者应逐项说明各项要素的具体情况。两种要素均可通过建构价值评价的理性秩序和分类层次实现高阶或低度体系化。数字领域的初期立法可通过要素的法律化来适应变动不居的技术和社会条件。
关键词 动态体系 要素 内在体系 法律原则 构成要件
Abstract: Elements of the dynamic system of civil law fall into two categories: principle-based elements and interpretive elements. Principle-based elements refer to specific social facts, states or relations abstracted from the legal order, which underpin the substantive evaluative criteria or justificatory grounds of legal norms. They shall not include any subordinate legal principles or jurisprudential doctrines adopted by mainstream dynamic-system theories, and it is these elements that construct a high-level dynamic system structured around value principles. Interpretive elements, by contrast, are the concrete factors that clarify principle-based elements or substantiate the constitutive requirements and legal effects. A major innovation embodied in numerous provisions of the Civil Code and its supporting judicial interpretations lies in the construction of a low-degree dynamic system built upon interpretive elements, alongside the creation of a brand-new normative model of ‘element—legal effect’. Based on different legal justifications for imposing adverse consequences on a party, the principle-based elements in civil law can be summarized as interest, will, control, reliance, and relation. The coordinated operation of principle-based elements performs the important function of defining and examining fixed constitutive requirements; yet evaluative arbitrariness must be eliminated through adjudicatory techniques such as element systematization. Interpretive elements are capable of safeguarding the stability of the law. Their application shall avoid duplicate evaluation, and adjudicators shall specify the concrete circumstances of each element item by item. Both types of elements can achieve either high-level or low-degree systematization by constructing a rational order and hierarchical classification for value evaluation. In digital sectors, preliminary legislation can adapt to ever-changing technological and social conditions via the legalization of elements.