作者：付立庆
作者介绍：中国人民大学刑事法律科学研究中心教授
出版日期：2026年6月9日
内容提要 被害人负担基础信息搜集的场合，属于对财产自负其责，反向划定了不作为诈骗的大致成立范围。在特殊场合要排除被害人对信息搜集的负担，这是讲求底层逻辑；同时，又要区分不同领域、结合风险大小与被害人的风险认知及其信息搜集能力等，分配与其相适应的信息搜集负担，这是注重分层思维。被害人不负担或者已经进行了信息搜集时，脱离了被害人的管辖范围，这时要以作为义务为核心，限定地检讨不作为诈骗的成立与否。行为人对于关乎财产的基础信息相对于被害人具有优势地位，并且双方之间存在特别信任关系，或者是先行行为创设了不被允许的危险时，此时的未告知就是对法益侵害结果进程或者结果原因的支配，能评价为不作为的欺骗行为。立足“特定条件下对基础信息的优势地位”这一归责依据进行递进式审查，能够保证处罚不作为诈骗的例外性，在冒领社会保险等领域体现对诈骗罪成立范围的限缩。
关键词 不作为诈骗 被害人信息搜集 特别信任关系 先行行为 基础信息优势地位
Abstract: Where the victim bears the burden of collecting basic information, the case falls within self-responsibility for property and thus, conversely, delineates the general scope within which fraud by omission may be established. In special situations, the victim’s sharing of the burden of information collection should be excluded, which reflects an underlying logical approach while also requiring a distinction between different fields and the allocation of the burden of information collection in accordance with the relevant level of risk, the victim’s risk awareness, and the victim’s capacity to collect information — a layered mode of analysis. Where the victim does not bear that burden or has already collected the relevant information, the matter falls outside the victim’s sphere of control. At that point, the existence of fraud by omission should be examined in a limited manner, with the duty to act as the core criterion. Where the actor occupies an advantageous position vis-à-vis the victim with respect to basic information relevant to property, and a special relationship of trust exists between the parties, or a prior act has created a prohibited risk, the failure to disclose constitutes control over the process or cause of the infringement of legal interests and may be evaluated as deceptive conduct by omission. A stepwise review grounded in the attribution basis of ‘a superior position regarding basic information under specific conditions’ can ensure the exceptional nature of punishment for fraud by omission, embodying a limitation on the scope of establishment of fraud crime in fields such as the improper claiming of social insurance benefits.