作者：刘期湘
作者介绍：湖南工商大学法学院教授
出版日期：2026年6月9日
内容提要 深度伪造技术活动涉及技术研发、技术运用、生成物传播的整个链条，任一阶段技术活动的失范均会对个人法益与集体法益产生侵害。深度伪造技术的刑法规制存在三重挑战：宏观价值维度存在技术自由发展与刑事风险控制的动态张力，自由刑法观或安全刑法观的单一导向易使治理僵化；中观对象维度呈现“重末端、轻前中端”的治理盲区，传统事后惩罚机制难以应对深度伪造的多重刑事风险；微观规则维度存在罪名缺位、归责模糊及量刑机械等问题，加剧了刑法规范与技术特性间的结构性鸿沟。对此，应确立深度伪造技术全链式治理理念，在技术研发与信息获取阶段实现精细化治理，在技术运用阶段对使用行为进行独立评价与分类处置，在生成物传播阶段加强后果治理与罪名优化。
关键词 深度伪造 刑事治理模式 全链式治理 罪名优化
Abstract: The utilization of deepfake technology encompasses the entire continuum of research and development (R&D), implementation, and propagation of generated content. Any misconduct throughout this continuum has the potential to infringe upon legally protected interests of individuals and collectives alike. The regulation of deepfake technology through criminal law is confronted with three principal challenges. On a macroscopic scale, there exists a dynamic tension between the freedom of technology and the control of criminal risks. Adherence to either a liberal or a security-centric criminal law paradigm may result in governance becoming rigid. On a mesoscopic level, a governance deficiency emerges due to an overemphasis on downstream activities, which is to the detriment of upstream and midstream phases. Traditional punitive mechanisms, which are reactive in nature, find it challenging to effectively address the multifaceted criminal risks presented by deepfake technology. On a microscopic level, the lack of specific offenses, the indistinct attribution of responsibility, and the rigid sentencing practices further exacerbate the structural disparity between criminal law principles and the nuances of technology. In response, a holistic legal regulatory framework should be implemented, which includes: meticulous governance during the R&D and information acquisition phases; independent assessment and differentiated management of usage behaviors during the implementation phase; and improved consequence management coupled with offense-specific optimization during the application and propagation phases.