作者：马新彦
作者介绍： 国家2011司法文明协同创新中心教授，吉林大学法学院教授，博士生导师
出版日期：2016年12月9日
内容提要 按照现行法的规定行政审批对合同效力具有决定性影响,背后的逻辑无非是在行政审批的制度框架内权力或者权力的执掌者可以凌驾于合同主体自由意志之上成为法律行为效力的决定性力量。这不仅带来了理论上的矛盾与纷争,也给审判实践带来了困扰。对需经审批的合同进行类型化区分,并对现行法规范进行理性反思,不难得出结论:行政审批与合同效力之间没有必然的逻辑关系。就以国有资产为标的合同而言,审批不是真正意义上的行政审批,而是国家所有权的终极行使;就非以国有资产为标的合同而言,决定其效力的只能是私法自有规则体系的内在规定和基本逻辑,而绝不是公权力的审批。公权力存在的全部意义是将有损国家经济主权、损害国家利益、违反法律等合同拒之于经济领域之外。未来民法典应当删除类似于《合同法》第44条第2款的规定,以将合同的效力真正绝缘于行政审批。
关键词 行政审批 权力的边界 合同效力 处分权的终极行使
Abstract: In accordance with the stipulation of laws in force, administrative examination and approval have decisive influence on the contract effect, whose logic is that in the institutional framework of administrative examination and approval, power or the power owner can become the crucial force of legal behaviors' validity which is above the free will of the contract subject. This not only brings contradiction and disputes in theory, but also brings perplex to trial practice. The conclusion that there is no necessary logic relationships between administrative examination and approval and contract effect can be achieved after distinguishing contracts that need to be examined and approved with types and rationally introspecting laws and regulations in force. In terms of the contracts with state-owned property as the standard, examination and approval do not mean administrative examination and approval, but the final exercise of state ownership. As far as the contracts without state-owned property as the standard, what decide their effects can only be internal rules and basic logic within the regulation system of private laws, but never be the examination and approval of public power. The overall meaning of public power is to forbid contracts that damage state economic sovereignty, harm state interests, violate laws getting into the economic field. The future Civil Code should delete stipulations like paragraph 2 article 22 in the Contract Law to ensure the contract effect without the intervention of administrative examination and ap proval.