作者：白建军
作者介绍：北京大学法学院教授
出版日期：2017年10月9日
内容提要 对刑法修正是否犯罪圈非理性扩张的问题,本文以一个"看得见的犯罪圈"作为检验工具,对刑法修正的合理性进行实证检验。在范伯格犯罪化理论的犯罪定义学再解读的基础上,以我国刑法新老文本全部罪名为样本进行比较观察,研究发现一个犯罪圈三环结构。其中心部分由所有可还原为暴力、偷窃、欺骗的典型犯罪构成,中环部分由典型性较弱的定制之罪构成,外环部分是犯罪圈的模糊边界。犯罪圈的三环结构及其比例分布与深埋在大量法条中的某些理论原则相暗合。将20年来刑法修正涉及的一百多个罪名导入三环结构后发现,有69.6%的新罪名和78.3%的放宽入刑范围罪名分布在犯罪圈的中心,是严密典型犯罪刑事法网的正常操作;26.8%的新罪名和18.3%的放宽入刑范围罪名分布在犯罪圈的中环,使某些不典型犯罪为什么入刑获得部分解释;只有3.6%的新罪名和3.3%的放宽入刑范围罪名落入犯罪圈边界,存在一定超越应然犯罪圈边界的风险。基于严而不厉理念和结构控制方法,本文提出,未来刑法修正应体现"结构还原"、"比例控制"、"罪刑有序"三个原则。
关键词 犯罪圈 犯罪化 刑法修正 严而不厉 结构控制
Abstract: In this paper, as for whether the criminal law amendment is an irrational expansion of criminal circle, a "visible criminal circle" is used as a test tool to have an empirical test on the rationality of the criminal law amendment. On the basis of the reinterpretation of the criminal definition in Joel Feinberg's theory on criminalization, this paper makes a comparative observation on the whole name of crime in the old and new texts of criminal law in our country, and finds out a three-ring structure of criminal circles. The central part of the three-ring structure is constituted by all the typical crimes that can be restored as violence, theft, and deceit. The middle part is constituted by weakly typical customized crimes, and the outer part is the fuzzy boundary of the criminal circle. The three-ring structure of the criminal circle and its proportion distribution are in line with some theoretical principles embedded in a large number of articles of law. When introducing more than one hundred crimes involved in the criminal law amendment in 20 years, it can be found that 69.6% of the new crimes and 78.3% of the relaxation of the criminal punishments are at the center part of the criminal circle, which is a normal operation of tight and typical dragnet of crime justice; 26. 8% of the new crimes and 18. 3% of the relaxation of the criminal punishments are distributed at the middle part of the criminal circle, which explains the reason why some non-typical crimes had been listed in criminal punishment; only 3.6% of the new crimes and 3.3% of the relaxation of the criminal punishments are distributed at the outer part of the criminal cirele, which has a certain risk in going beyond the sollen boundaries of the criminal circle. Based on the concept of stringent but not strict and method of structure control, this paper suggests that the future criminal law amendment should reflect three principles of "structural reduction", proportional control" and "order in crime and punishment"