作者：高圣平
作者介绍：中国人民大学民商事法律科学研究中心专职研究员，中国人民大学法学院教授，博士生导师
出版日期：2018年8月9日
内容提要 承包地"三权"分置是经济理论上的创新,并得到了政策文件的肯定,但政策上的"权利"并不是法律上的权利。法律上应依循自身的逻辑来传达承包地"三权"分置的思想,不宜简单套用政策术语。基于传统民法上"母子"结构的权利分解理论,承包地"三权"分置在法律上应体现为以下结构:集体在农村土地所有权之上为承包农户设定土地承包经营权,承包农户在其土地承包经营权之上为其他经营主体设定土地经营权。在"始终坚持农村土地集体所有权的根本地位""严格保护农户承包权""加快放活土地经营权"的政策导向之下,现行法上的相关规则应作相应修改。土地承包经营权应纯化为具有身份性质的财产权,土地经营权应定性为物权化的债权。
关键词 “三权” 分置 土地承包经营权 土地承包权 土地经营权
Abstract: The separation of "three rights" of the contracted land is the innovation of economic theory and is supported by the policy documents. However, the "right" in the policy document is not the right in law. The law should follow its own logic to convey the idea of the separation of "three rights" of the contracted land, and should not apply the policy terminology simply. Based on the decomposition theory of "mother and child" structure in the traditional civil law, the separation of "three rights" of contracted land should be legally reflected in the following structure: collectivity set up the right to land contractual management for farmers on the basis of the rural land ownership, and farmers set up the land management right for other business entities above their right to land contractual management. Under the policy guidance of "always adhering to the fundamental status of the collective ownership of rural land" "strictly protecting the contractual right of farmers" and "accelerating and enlivening the land management right", the relevant rules of the current law should be revised correspondingly. The right to the land contractual management should be purified into the property right with the nature of identity, and the nature of land management rights should be determined as creditor's rights with characteristics of rights in rem.