作者：陈永强
作者介绍：中国计量大学法学院教授
出版日期：2018年4月9日
内容提要 以买卖合同担保借贷债务的,《民间借贷司法解释》第24条规定应按借贷审理,其隐含的解释路径是"名为买卖,实为借贷",似未肯定买卖合同的效力。"汤龙案"及之后的一些案例提出了不同于第24条的裁判路径,并限制了该条的适用。学理上,买卖型担保是一种契约担保,不能解释为传统的"代物清偿预约""附条件代物清偿""债之更改"等,亦有别于物权性的让与担保。其契约担保方式并不违反法律强制性规定,应为有效。解释论上,买卖型担保有别于以物抵债,兼具债法效力和担保效力,须综合适用借贷、买卖、担保之相关规定。借贷合同与买卖合同之间,两债并存,买受人享有履行选择权。立法论上,应建立清算规则,于所有权移转请求权得以实现时对标的物进行评估与清算。买卖型担保无优先效力,不能对抗第三人,但若已经预告登记,则其所有权移转请求权应具有优先效力,且仍应对标的物价额与债务额进行清算,并将超出债务额部分返还债务人。
关键词 买卖型担保 代物清偿 清算 民间借贷
Abstract: There are two contracts in a loan guaranteed by the sales contract. The sales contract is to provide guarantee for a loan. The Judicial Interpretation of Private Lending by the Supreme People's Court holds that the sales contract is invalid, but Guiding Case No. 72 "Tang Long Case" proposes the theory of debt conversion and holds that the sales contract is valid. It will be a failure to use the traditional concept of "datio in solutum" or "changing debt" to interpret. It is not a kind of transferring guarantee but a contractual guarantee, which is valid because it does not breach any mandatory provision. This type of guarantee should apply to the law of obligation and the guarantee law, and must be thought comprehensively. When excising the claim for transferring ownership, the subject matter of the contract should be evaluated and liquidated. In internal relations, the sales contract enjoys no priority and cannot be against a third party, but if it is registered for advance notice, the priority of claim for transferring ownership should be supported. Also, the value and debt of the subject matter should be liquidated, and the amount of excess should be returned to the debtor.