作者：熊跃敏
作者介绍：北京师范大学法学院教授,博士生导师
出版日期：2014年2月9日
内容提要 在侵害众多消费者合法权益案件中, 因单个受害人系争利益大小诉讼类型迥然有异:利益微小者, 受害人难有起诉动力, 通过受害人授权以贯彻程序保障毫无意义, 须由法律直接赋予团体诉讼实施权, 制止违法行为、超越填补损失成为其一般目的;利益重大者, 为诉讼经济考虑, 亦有适用群体诉讼的必要, 但诉讼实施权须由受害人明示授予, 以保障其程序利益与实体利益, 补偿损失、救济个体权利仍为这类案件的主要目的。消费者群体性损害赔偿诉讼的上述分化在两大法系国家及地区主要群体性诉讼中已经显现。以此来考察我国的群体诉讼制度, 代表人诉讼制度的高成本决定了其无力救济小额分散性利益, 其在救济大规模利益方面的困境则可通过程序保障的实质化加以缓解;公益诉讼应定位于对小额分散性利益的救济, 以契合其公益性的要求。
关键词 团体诉讼 小额分散性侵害 大规模侵害 公益诉讼
Abstract:The type of action is different in the case of infringing various consumers' legal rights as the amount of involved interest for individuals is different. If the amount of interest is small, there is seldom motive for the victims to bring a suit. It has no sense to follow the procedure of consumer empowering the group, so law should directly authorize the group. In these cases, the purpose of the suit is to prevent illegal conduct rather than making up the loss. If the amount of interest is big, from the perspective of economy, it is also necessary to allow group action. However, it has to be expressly empowered by victims, in order to protect their procedural and substantial rights. Making up the loss and remedying individuals are the main purposes of such cases. The differentiation of consumer group action of damage compensation has been emerged in the group actions in Anglo- American law and civil law countries and regions. In China's group action regime, the high cost of representative action makes it not suitable for small amount and dispersive interest cases, while in big amount cases the problem can be relieved by the substantiality ensured by procedure. Public interest litigation should focus on the remedy of small amount and dispersive interest, so as to correspond to its public welfare requirement.