作者：刘 权
作者介绍：中央财经大学法学院讲师，法学博士
出版日期：2014年8月9日
内容提要 传统的“三阶”比例原则在规范结构上并不包括目的正当性原则，这与其 产生时“无法律便无行政”的自由法治国历史背景有关。随着时代环境的变化，近些年来 很多国家的法院实际上以不同的方式审查了公权力行为的目的正当性，归结起来可以分为 三种类型: 目的正当性一般审查类型、目的足够重要性审查类型和目的正当性分类审查类 型。目的正当是公权力行为正当的前提，将目的正当性原则纳入比例原则之中从而确立 “四阶”比例原则，有利于限制立法者、行政者的目的设定裁量，有利于实现实质正义，充分 保障人权，还有利于促进民主反思，改善民主质量。法官在个案中首先应当查明立法者、行 政者的真实目的，否定明显不正当的目的，然后以适度的司法克制与尊让综合评判目的的 正当性。
关键词 目的正当性 比例原则 权利限制 目的必要性
Abstract: The traditional “three-tier”proportionality does not contain the principle of legitimate purpose． This is due to the background of“no law，no administration”in the free Ｒechtsstaat． As time conditions change，more and more courts of the world in recent years began to review the legitimacy of purpose． There are three types of review． They are general review of legitimate purpose，review of important purpose and review of classification of legitimate purpose． Legitimate purpose is the basis of a legitimate action． If we add legitimate purpose principle to proportionality and establish “four-tier ” proportionality， we can effectively control the discretion of legislator and administrator． The substantive justice will come true and the human rights could be protected effectively． It can also help to promote the reflection of democracy and improve the quality of democracy． First of all，the court should find out the actul purpose of the legislator and administrator． Second，the court should ascertain if there is an obvious improper purpose． Third，the court should review the purpose synthetically and the judges must duly respect the power of legislator and administrator．