作者：郑贤君
作者介绍：首都师范大学政法学院教授
出版日期：2014年8月9日
内容提要 积极自由与消极自由的区分是辨别不同性质自由的基本理念。“五四宪 法”基本权利体现了民主主义的积极自由思想，是对近代自由主义宪法对抗国家权力的消 极自由的超越，具有鲜明的现代性。它是在试图克服个人主义与个人本位前提下，参考前 苏联东欧等人民民主国家宪法，结合本民族历史与现实的权利创制。人民主权消除了个人 权利与国家权力的紧张，乐观唯理主义的法律实证主义反映了对国家权力的信任，通过建 构法律秩序而非怀疑和抵制公权力保障个人自由。作为共同体成员资格的公民是主权的 所有者，享有平等身份与地位，政治自由与社会权条款混合了两类形式的积极自由，最大化 地体现了人民民主与社会主义两大宪法原则。
关键词 人民主权 民主主义 社会主义 积极自由 法律实证主义
Abstract: Distinguishing active liberty and negative liberty is the fundamental philosophy to distinguishing the nature of all kinds of liberty． The fundamental rights clauses in the 1954 Constitution embody the active liberty thoughts． It has obvious modernism and surpasses the negative liberty of modern liberalism constitution． It was enacted by trying to overcome individualism and individual standard，combining our nation’s history and reality， and reviewing the Soviet Union and other East Europe countries． The popular sovereignty eliminates the stress between personal rights and state power，and the legal positivism of optimistic reason reflects the trust to state power by constructing legal order to safeguard personal liberty rather than doubt and against public power． Citizens，as qualified members of community，are the owner of the sovereignty，and enjoy equal identity and position． Political liberty and social rights provisions mix two kinds of active liberties，and maximally embody two constitutional principles，which are people’s democracy and socialism．