作者：阮神裕
作者介绍：中国人民大学法学院助理教授、民商事法律科学研究中心研究人员，法学博士
出版日期：2026年4月9日
内容提要 部分连带责任的构造性特征是，各责任人在外部关系中对同一损害所负责任发生部分重合，并在责任重合的范围内共同承担责任。部分连带责任具有正当性，其现行法基础是《民法典》第518条第1款。依据其成立机理，可将部分连带责任分为三类：一是原因力部分叠加型，系因各责任人依据假想因果进程中的原因力大小所承担的责任发生部分重合而形成；二是责任部分加重型，系因部分责任人在承担相应的责任之外还需承担风险责任而形成；三是责任数额部分限制型，系因连带责任中部分责任人的责任数额存在法定或者意定限制而形成。部分连带责任的外部效力原则上适用连带责任的规则，但承担较多责任的一方部分履行的，应当优先清偿其单独承担的部分。内部追偿规则的关键在于确定内部份额。原因力部分叠加型的内部份额应采用“对外比例叠加法”进行换算；责任部分加重型的内部份额自始确定、无需换算；责任数额部分限制型的内部份额则依连带责任的一般法理确定。
关键词 部分连带责任 原因力 风险责任 证券虚假陈述 追偿规则
Abstract: The structural feature of partial joint and several liability is that, in the external relationship, multiple liable parties’ obligations for the same harm partially overlap, and they jointly bear liability within the overlapping portion. It is normatively justified, with its current legal basis in article 518(1) of the Civil Code. By its formation mechanism, it may be classified into three types: (1) causative-contribution overlap, where each party’s share — measured by its causal contribution in a hypothetical causal sequence — partly overlaps with others; (2) partially aggravated liability, where some parties, beyond their own shares, additionally bear risk-based liability; and (3) capped-amount overlap, where some jointly liable parties are subject to statutory or agreed limits on the amount owed. Externally, the rules of joint and several liability generally apply; however, where the party bearing more liability performs in part, payment should first satisfy the portion borne solely by that party. Internally, recourse turns on allocating shares: the causative-contribution overlap type requires an ‘external-ratio stacking’ conversion; the partially aggravated liability type is fixed from the outset and requires no recalculation; and the capped-amount overlap type follows the general logic of joint and several liability.