作者：张超汉
作者介绍：西北政法大学国际法学院教授
出版日期：2026年4月9日
内容提要 1999年《蒙特利尔公约》作为现代国际航空运输责任体制的基石，通过平衡旅客和承运人利益，从形式上实现了承运人责任的统一化。但受自身模糊性条款的制约以及欧盟消费者保护运动、航空产品责任诉讼的影响，《蒙特利尔公约》面临非统一实施困境。长此以往，将严重削弱其确定性与可预测性，进而威胁国际航空运输法治秩序。对此，建议国际民航组织等相关主体采取积极措施，增进非缔约国对《蒙特利尔公约》的理解，逐步扩大缔约国的范围，确立承运人与消费者利益动态平衡机制，构建国际航空运输责任全球判例库，制定公约解释指南以提供裁判指引。我国作为《蒙特利尔公约》的缔约国可通过澄清公约适用的逻辑思路，加强对域外经典判例的研究与参考，完善公约司法解释与案例指导制度等措施，坚决维护国际航空运输责任体制的统一实施。
关键词 涉外法治 蒙特利尔公约 国际航空运输责任体制 公约适用
Abstract: As the cornerstone of the modern liability regime for international air transport, the Montreal Convention 1999 aims to unify carriers’ liability by balancing the interests of passengers and carriers. However, due to the vagueness of certain provisions, along with the impact of the EU consumer protection movement and aviation product liability litigation, the Convention faces challenges of inconsistent implementation. Over time, this will undermine its legal certainty and predictability, posing a threat to the international legal order of air transport. To this end, it is suggested that the International Civil Aviation Organization and other relevant entities take effective measures to enhance non-contracting states’ understanding of the Convention, gradually increase the number of contracting states, establish a dynamic mechanism to balance the interests of carriers and consumers, build a global database of case law on air transport liability, and develop interpretive guidelines to assist judicial decision-making. As a signatory, China can contribute to the Convention’s uniform implementation by clarifying its approach to applying the Convention, strengthening the study and reference of classic foreign case law, and improving its systems for judicial interpretation and case guidance.