作者：王海军
作者介绍：华东政法大学法律史研究中心副教授，法学博士
出版日期：2022年12月9日
内容提要 “检察权”是我国《宪法》上一项由检察机关独立行使的国家权力。从概念流变来看，清末变法构建了现代“检察权”概念中的职权维度，在民国时期不断扩展。在新中国成立前的人民检察制度建设中，“检察权”概念术语首现，并与苏联检察立法一并影响了新中国成立初期的检察立法，其内涵为具有法律监督属性的检察职权。1954年《宪法》将“检察权”概念宪法化后，拓展出了国家权力的意涵，确定了行使职权的独立性，并延续了法律监督属性。改革开放后，1982年《宪法》明确“检察权”为独立行使且具有法律监督属性的国家权力，在刑事检察方面行使职权。在现今中国立法中，“检察权”为独立行使、蕴含极强的法律监督属性、包含多项职权的国家权力，发挥对中国特色社会主义法治建设的保障功能。
关键词 检察制度 检察权 法律监督 概念史
Abstract: ‘Procuratorial power’ is the state power independently wielded by the procuratorial organs in accordance with the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China. Reviewing from the perspective of ‘conceptual history’, the reform in the late Qing Dynasty established the functional dimension in the modern concept of ‘procuratorial power’, which was continuously expanded in the Republic of China. In the construction of the people’s procuratorial system before the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the concept of ‘procuratorial power’ appeared. Together with the Soviet procuratorial legislation, it affected the procuratorial legislation in the early stage of the People’s Republic of China with the connotation of the legal supervision attribute. The Constitution of 1954 constitutionalized the concept of ‘procuratorial power’ and it has been expanded to state power, with independent nature and the attribute of legal supervision. After the reform and opening up, the Constitution of 1982 clarified that the ‘procuratorial power’ is the state power exercised independently and has an attribute of legal supervision, which exercises the functions and powers in criminal prosecution. In the current Chinese legislation, ‘procuratorial power’ is the state power which is exercised independently, and contains a prominent legal supervision attribute and multiple functions and powers, which ensures the construction of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics.