作者：万勇
作者介绍：中国人民大学法学院教授、未来法治研究院研究员
出版日期：2022年10月9日
内容提要 知识产权与公共健康在制度层面可以概括为促进与阻碍双重关系，在权利层面可以类型化为承认、冲突与合作三种形态。传统观点或者认为知识产权与公共健康权是承认关系，主张不得以公共健康权为由限制知识产权；或者认为二者是冲突关系，继而提出反药品专利模式、强制许可模式、知识产权豁免模式三种应对公共健康危机的方案。但这些方案均只能治标。中国应辩证看待知识产权与公共健康的关系，采用标本兼治型方案，构建体系化的药品专利链接制度与科学化的药品专利强制许可制度，依此，既可回应知识产权正当性危机，也可应对公共健康危机。中国方案以分配正义为基本底色，以治标为先、治本为要为基本思路；对之可从理论基础、制度根基、实践路径三个维度进一步予以完善。
关键词 新冠肺炎疫情 公共健康危机 分配正义 强制许可 知识产权豁免
Abstract: Intellectual property (IP) rights and public health can be summarized as the dual relationship of promoting and hindering at the institutional level, and can be categorized into three forms at the right level: recognition, conflict and cooperation. A traditional view holds that IP rights and the rights to public health are recognition relationship, and advocates that IP rights should not be restricted on the grounds of the rights to public health, so as to allow the public health crisis to be ignored; another traditional view thinks that the two are in conflict, and then puts forward three proposals to deal with the public health crisis: ‘refusing patents in drugs’ model, ‘compulsory license’ model and ‘IP right waiver ’model, which are only temporary solutions. China should treat the relationship between IP and public health dialectically, adopt an approach that addresses both outward symptoms and root causes, and build a systematic patent linkage system and a scientific compulsory license system. Such an approach can respond to the legitimacy crisis of the IP system and the public health crisis. Chinese approach takes distributive justice as the basic background, and takes the palliative as the first and the root cause as the basic idea; Chinese approach may be improved in the following three dimensions: theoretical basis, institutional foundation and practical path.