作者：沈健州
作者介绍：清华大学法学院助理研究员，法学博士
出版日期：2022年8月9日
内容提要 与数据赋权密切相关的利益冲突凝聚在数据企业、用户、数据企业的同业竞争者三方之间。在不同场景下，三方主体可能形成多元化的利益冲突形态，这正是数据赋权问题复杂性的根源所在。影响数据利益冲突形态的因素有二：一是数据是否承载个人信息，二是数据是否公开。数据可据此分为不承载个人信息的非公开数据、承载个人信息的非公开数据、不承载个人信息的公开数据以及承载个人信息的公开数据四类。四类数据对应四种现实的利益冲突形态，需要差异化的规则设计。对此，在权利架构上，以数据企业享有完整的数据财产权为基础，同时确立个人信息权益优先和公开数据合理使用两项限制，可以富有弹性地容纳不同数据利益冲突的协调方案，实现“有利益冲突时加以协调，无利益冲突时各行其是”的规范效果。数据财产的权利规则也得以在此基础之上有序展开。
关键词 数据财产 权利架构 权利规则 个人信息 数据合理使用
Abstract: The conflicts of interest closely related to the establishment of data property rights are concentrated among data enterprises, users, and competitors of data enterprises. In different scenarios, these three parties may form diversified forms of conflicts of interest, which is the root of the complexity of the establishment of data property rights. There are two factors affecting forms of the conflict of interest on data: one is whether the data carries personal information, and the other is whether the data is public. Data can be divided into four categories: non-public data without personal information, non-public data with personal information, public data without personal information and public data with personal information. The four types of data correspond to four different forms of conflicts of interest, so differentiated coordination rules are applied. In this regard, the way, on the basis of data property rights owned by data enterprises, establishes the restrictions on the priority of the personal information rights and interests and the reasonable use of disclosed data, which can elastically achieve a coordinated solution to contain different data conflicts of interest, so as to achieve the normative effect that ‘when there is a conflict of interest, the solution coordinates the conflict, and when there is no conflict, it works normally’. The right rules of data property can be properly configured in this theoretical framework.