作者：张辉
作者介绍：武汉大学国际法研究所教授
出版日期：2022年6月9日
内容提要 单边制裁的合法性历来存在很大争议。从安理会制裁决议角度来看，某些执行性制裁超越了安理会授权，其合法性无法从安理会决议中获得。从特别国际法（条约为主）和一般国际法（习惯为主）等初级规则角度来看，许多单边制裁可能违反条约以及立法管辖、不干涉原则的习惯法，但条约例外条款和习惯法规则又为部分制裁留下了一定合法空间。从国家责任法这一次级规则角度来看，反措施规则为单边制裁提供了解除不法性的抗辩依据。因此，单边制裁难以截然地被认定为合法或非法，而是应结合具体制裁规定、相关国际法规则来进行分析和判断。我国可以从法律角度应对域外单边制裁，也应当认真考虑对外制裁立法和实践中的合法性问题。
关键词 单边制裁 安全例外 立法管辖权 不干涉原则 反措施
Abstract: The theory of legal hierarchy provides two major criteria for judging the hierarchy relationship between legal forms, namely the conditional relationship and the derogation relationship. Among them, the conditional relationship is a positive standard, and the derogation relationship is a negative standard. Only when a legal form is authorized to produce another legal form and can unilaterally negate the validity of the authorized legal form, can the two form an up-and-down relationship. If it lacks the conditional relationship or constitutes a two-way derogation relationship, it constitutes the same hierarchy relationship. There are some problems in the traditional judgment standards of legal hierarchy in China, whether it is the status of the legislative organ or the valid scope of the legislation, so it is necessary to reflect on it. At the same time, some hierarchy relationships between certain legislations in China are still unclear, and they need to be clarified by using the judging criteria provided by the theory of legal hierarchy. Legal hierarchy has important practical significance for maintaining the unity of the national legal system and conducting the legislative review.