作者：王迎龙
作者介绍：北京工商大学法学院副教授，法学博士
出版日期：2022年4月9日
内容提要 强制医疗的解除程序对于保障精神病人的人身自由至关重要。“依法不负刑事责任的精神病人的强制医疗程序”实施至今已近十年，解除程序的实践适用亟需进行总结与反思。刑事强制医疗解除程序的实践难题并不在于解除，而在于解除适用的不统一。影响法官裁量的因素中，专家意见与家属意见最为关键，实践中解除程序呈现一种唯“医学+家庭”模式。该模式以被强制医疗人的人身危险性评估为核心，过于注重防卫社会而忽视基本权利的保障。在医学领域，强制医疗解除评估机制并不规范，对后续法官认证造成了困难。在法律领域，法官欠缺强制医疗相关证据的认证手段与能力，强制医疗解除的审理贯彻“行政化”逻辑。并且，受到报应刑观念的影响，强制医疗在一定程度上仍然带有惩罚色彩。刑事强制医疗解除程序应当向权利保障模式转变，通过强制医疗解除评估机制的规范化与强制医疗解除程序的法治化，在医学与法律领域内共同推动予以完善。
关键词 刑事强制医疗解除程序 司法精神病鉴定 人身危险性 定量分析
Abstract: The dismissal procedure of compulsory medical treatment is crucial to guarantee the personal freedom of mental patients. It has been nearly ten years since the implementation of compulsory medical treatment for mental patients without criminal responsibility, which urgently needs to be summarized and reflected. The real problem of the dismissal procedure is not the difficulty to dismiss the mental illness, but the disunity of application. The opinions of experts and family members are the most critical factors affecting the judge’s decision. As a result, the dismissal procedure presents a mode of ‘medicine & family’ in practice. This model focuses on the assessment of the personal risk of those who are subject to compulsory medical treatment, and pays too much attention to defending society while ignoring the protection of basic rights. In the field of medicine, the evaluation mechanism of the dismissal procedure is not standardized, which has caused difficulties for judges in the subsequent trial. In the legal field, judges lack the means and ability to judge evidence related to compulsory medical treatment and carry out administrative logic. Moreover, under the influence of the concept of retribution, compulsory medical treatment is still punitive in a certain sense. Because of this, the dismissal procedure of criminal compulsory medical treatment should be transformed into a rights protection model, which should be jointly promoted through the standardization of the evaluation mechanism in the field of medicine and the legalization of the dismissal procedure in the legal field.