作者：陈永强
作者介绍：中国计量大学法学院教授
出版日期：2022年4月9日
内容提要 夫妻财产归属约定是夫妻对财产归属的分配与安排，其虽发生在具有身份关系的夫妻之间，但非属身份契约，而属财产契约，应由《民法典》第1065条进行规范。从意思表示上看，夫妻财产归属约定不同于赠与，亦非以婚姻为条件的给予，也不能用清算协议予以解释，而应采以家事伦理为基础的“家事补偿说”。夫妻财产归属约定是夫妻双方在综合考虑感情付出、子女养育、家庭协作等因素后作出的归属分配意思，该归属分配意思的核心是物权效果意思，且依法对双方具有拘束力，因而可产生物权效果，而不仅仅是债的拘束力。学理上，可以采负担行为与处分行为之“混合说”，该说能够解决标的物瑕疵及救济问题。只要夫妻财产归属约定早于债务发生的时间，且不存在逃避债务或其他无效情形的，应赋予其排除强制执行的效力。规则适用上，《民法典》第1065条构成第209条第1款之但书条款，即夫妻财产归属约定为物权公示原则之例外，这样解释才符合第1065条之文义。
关键词 夫妻财产归属约定 物权变动 夫妻财产制 夫妻财产契约
Abstract: Marital property attribution agreement is the distribution and arrangement between husband and wife on the property attribution. Although it occurs between husband and wife with identity relationship, it is not an identity contract, but a property contract, which should be regulated by article 1065 of the Civil Code. From the expression of intention, marital property attribution agreement is different from the gift, nor is it giving on the condition of marriage, nor can it be explained by liquidation agreement. Instead, the ‘family compensation theory’ based on family ethics should be adopted. Marital property attribution agreement is the intention of attribution and distribution made by both husband and wife after comprehensively considering factors such as emotional contribution, child rearing and family cooperation. The core of the attribution and distribution is the real right effect, and it has a binding force on both parties according to law, so it can produce the real right effect, not just the binding force of debts. Theoretically, a ‘mixed theory’ of obligation and disposition can be adopted, which can solve the problems of defects and remedies in the subject matter. As long as the marital property attribution agreement is made earlier than the time when the debt occurs, and there is no evasion of debt or other invalid circumstances, it should be given the effect of excluding enforcement. In terms of the application of the rules, article 1065 of the Civil Code constitutes the proviso of paragraph 1 of article 209, that is, marital property attribution agreement is an exception to the principle of publicity of real right, which is in line with article 1065.