作者：张卫平
作者介绍：烟台大学黄海学者特聘教授
出版日期：2023年12月9日
内容提要 就“审执分离”的原旨而言，审判权与执行权分离的核心是各自权力行使对象的区分和剥离，不抓住这一实质就难以做到真正的“审执分离”。审判权的行使对象是实体权利义务争议以及附带事项；执行权的行使对象是在实现执行根据所确定的实体请求权的过程中的执行程序性事项争议。但“审执分离”的实践存在偏离其原旨的问题。受审执“外分”与“内分”之争的影响，“审执分离”被引入了执行权范畴下的“内分”路径，即执行裁决权与其他执行权能的分离，将执行裁决权与审判权等同。但执行裁决权处置的执行程序事项争议并非审判权的行使对象。执行裁决中的执行程序性事项争议涉及的是执行行为和执行程序，与执行权的行使有关，而与审判权的行使无涉。故此，“审执分离”的改革应当在其原旨意义上推进和深化，对现行民事执行制度进行相应的调整，进而实现我国民事执行制度的现代转型。
关键词 审执分离 民事执行 民事审判权 执行裁决权 执行实施权
Abstract: In terms of the essence of ‘separation of trial and execution’, the core of the separation of adjudicative power and enforcement power lies in the distinction and deviation of the objects of their respective powers. Without grasping this essence, it is difficult to achieve a true ‘separation of trial and execution’. The object of exercising adjudicative power is the disputes over substantive rights and obligations, as well as the appendant matters; the object of exercising enforcement power is the disputes related to procedural matters during the implementation of the rights to claim based on the enforcement. However, the practice of ‘separation of trial and execution’ has the issue with the departure from its original meaning. Under the influence of the debate between ‘external separation’ and ‘internal separation’ of trial and execution, ‘separation of trial and execution’ has been introduced into the path of ‘internal separation’ within the scope of enforcement power, i.e. the separation of enforcement adjudication power from other enforcement powers, equating the enforcement adjudication power to the adjudicative power. Yet, the resolution of disputes arising from the execution of procedural matters through the enforcement adjudication power does not perform as the object of the exercise of adjudicative power. The disputes over procedural matters in the execution of rulings involve the acts of enforcement and procedures of enforcement, which are related to the exercise of enforcement power, but not to the exercise of adjudicative power. Therefore, the reform of ‘separation of trial and execution’ should be promoted and deepened in its original sense, and corresponding adjustments should be made to the current civil enforcement system, in order to achieve the modern transformation of China’s civil enforcement system.