作者：陈杭平
作者介绍：清华大学法学院副教授，法学博士
出版日期：2023年10月9日
内容提要 《民事强制执行法（草案）》第179条从以平等主义为重心的二元主义转向统一的优先主义，规定普通债权人按照查封财产的先后顺序受偿。据称此条旨在促进强制执行法与破产法的协调互补，突出执行效率理念。然而，我国法制在近代化过程中选择了平等主义而非优先主义，并在改革开放后形成了二元主义。在原理层面，优先主义相对于平等主义，在债权人公平、执行效率、债务人保护、制度协调四个方面均无明显优势。自完成现代主权国家的建构以来，平等主义更契合我国的具体国情与执行体制。从二元主义转向统一的优先主义的时机和条件尚不成熟。现阶段应当对相对平等主义加以完善，形成更好地平衡公平与效率的执行价款分配模式。
关键词 执行价款分配 平等主义 优先主义 群团优先主义
Abstract: Article 179 of the Draft Civil Enforcement Law signifies a departure from the previous dualism approach, which emphasized the equal treatment of ordinary creditors, towards a new method where ordinary creditors are paid based on the order in which assets are seized. This change is said to be intended to create better coherence between enforcement laws and bankruptcy laws, with a focus on efficient enforcement. However, it is worth noting that China’s legal system in the process of modernization has favored equality over prioritization, and the current dualistic framework emerged after the reform and opening-up efforts in the late 1970s. In principle, prioritization has no distinct advantages over equal treatment across four aspects, including fair creditor treatment, swift execution, safeguarding debtor rights, and overall system coherence. Since the completion of the construction of a modern sovereign state, an equal treatment perspective aligns more naturally with China’s specific circumstances and enforcement mechanisms. Given the present circumstances, the time and conditions for shifting from dualism with equality centered to a unified prioritization model are not yet ripe. Instead, the current focus should be on refining the existing relatively equal approach, aiming to create a distribution model for enforcement proceeds that effectively balances both fairness and operational efficiency.