作者：申卫星
作者介绍：清华大学法学院教授
出版日期：2023年8月9日
内容提要 数据确权问题已成为阻碍我国数字经济快速发展的最大制度障碍。数据确权之所以难，缘于现有的讨论存在概念混杂纠缠和平面化思维。数据产权制度设计应采取秩序概念基础上的层级性思维，通过横向分层和纵向分阶实现从原始数据到数据应用的解耦。即从客体、主体、内容三层横向对数据与信息、数据的来源者与处理者、来源者所有权与处理者用益权进行分离；纵向按照数据生成的周期，将数据生成区分为数据资源采集、数据集合加工利用和数据产品经营三个不同阶段；在尊重数据来源者初始数据所有权的同时，以企业数据用益权为基础权利，为数据采集、数据加工利用、数据产品交易构建数据资源持有权、数据加工使用权、数据产品经营权三阶段分层确权格局。
关键词 层级性思维 数据资源持有权 数据加工使用权 数据产品经营权
Abstract: The issue of data right identification has become the biggest institutional obstacle hindering the rapid development of China’s digital economy. The reason why it is difficult to identify data rights is that there are conceptual confusion and flat thinking in existing discussions. The design of the data property right system should adopt hierarchical thinking based on the concept of order, and realize the decoupling from original data to data application through horizontal stratification and vertical stratification. In other words, laterally separating the data and the information, the source and the processor of data, and the ownership of the source and the usufruct of the processor from the three layers of object, subject and content; Longitudinally, according to the cycle of data generation, data generation is divided into three different stages: data resource collection, data collection, processing and utilization, and data product management; While respecting the initial data ownership of the data source, with the enterprise data usufruct rights as the basic rights, a three-stage hierarchical right identification pattern of data resource holdership, data processing and use rights, and data product operation rights is established for data collection, data processing and utilization, and data product transactions.