作者：冉克平
作者介绍：武汉大学法学院教授
出版日期：2023年8月9日
内容提要 个人信用以判定个人偿债能力与偿债意愿为内容，具有为授信人预防和规避交易风险的功能，历经人格信用、制度信用到数字信用的发展变迁。数字时代的个人信用权以聚合的个人信用信息为载体，是征信机构、信息提供者与信息主体共同对个人信用信息商业化利用的产物。个人与征信机构、信息提供者之间形成的“个人信用权结构”与“个人信用信息权益结构”高度重叠。在民法典的体系框架内，个人信用权属于名誉权的经济利益部分而非其子类型。个人信用信息具有商业利用与公共管理的双重功能，由此形成的经济信用和公共信用均属于社会信用体系，但是两者在规范目的、运行机制与法律后果方面具有明显差异。个人信用权人同意权的范围应结合金融服务活动的目的并通过动态的场景分析、风险评估、利益均衡机制等综合判断。个人信用权的侵权认定应优先适用《个人信息保护法》，然后适用《民法典》侵害名誉权的要件规定。除精神损害之外，个人信用权受侵害的直接后果包括失信惩戒产生的损失与恢复个人信用支出的费用。
关键词 数字信用 信用权 信用信息 公共信用 损害赔偿
Abstract: Personal credit is based on determining the individual’s solvency and willingness to repay debts, and has the function of preventing and avoiding transaction risks for credit grantors, and has gone through the development and changes of personality credit, institutional credit and digital credit. Personal credit rights in the digital age take aggregated personal credit information as the carrier, and are the product of the commercial use of personal credit information by credit agencies, information providers, and information subjects. The ‘structure of personal credit rights’ formed between individuals, credit agencies, and information providers highly overlaps with the ‘structure of personal credit information rights and interests’. Within the framework of the Civil Code, the right to personal credit belongs to the economic benefit part of the right to reputation rather than its subtype. Personal credit information has the dual functions of commercial use and public management, and the resulting economic credit and public credit belong to the social credit system, but there are obvious differences between the two in terms of regulatory purposes, operational mechanisms, and legal consequences. The scope of the individual credit holder’s right to consent should be comprehensively judged combined with the purpose of financial service activities and through dynamic scenario analysis, risk assessment, interest balancing mechanism, etc. The Personal Information Protection Law shall be applied first to the determination of infringement of personal credit rights, and then the requirements for infringement of reputation rights of the Civil Code shall be applied. In addition to moral damage, the direct consequences of infringement of personal credit rights include losses arising from punishments for untrustworthiness and expenses for restoring personal credit.