作者：谢澍
作者介绍：中国政法大学刑事司法学院副教授
出版日期：2023年6月9日
内容提要 刑事诉讼主体面对认知偏差，需要将其控制在可接受的程度范围之内，但这超出了传统诉讼原理和哲学知识的解释范畴，需要认知科学的介入提供智识资源。刑事诉讼认知主体可以区分为“认知决策主体”与影响其认知决策的“认知提示主体”和“认知监控主体”，但各主体可能存在交叉甚至在特定诉讼环节会出现角色互换的情况。为了避免刑事诉讼中的“主体”之权利（力）与义务的界限模糊，刑事诉讼程序设计应当给予“自主性”与“可控性”特别关照，使其呈现二阶递进的关系，进而兼顾认知的自由与认知的控制。在“自主性”层面，需要确保刑事诉讼认知主体具有独立的诉讼地位，通过“主体性”带动“自主性”的兑现，并在程序设计上体现内化的“自主性”；在“可控性”层面，需要确保履行不同职能之刑事诉讼主体的认知决策过程不得简化、合并甚至混同，其认知决策过程中应当得到充分的程序提示和监控，并对直接影响诉讼进程和结果的认知决策进行充分说理。
关键词 刑事诉讼主体 认知主体 认知决策 自主性 可控性
Abstract: Faced with cognitive bias, the subjects of criminal procedure need to control it within an acceptable range, but this goes beyond the interpretation of traditional procedural theory and philosophical knowledge, and needs the intervention of cognitive science to provide intellectual resources. The cognitive subjects of criminal procedure can be divided into “cognition-decision-making subjects”, “cognition-prompting subjects” and “cognition-monitoring subjects”. The classification of subjects is not one or the other but may be crossover or even be interchange in certain procedure. To avoid blurring boundaries between right/power and obligation of cognitive subjects of criminal procedure, special attentions should be paid to autonomy and controllability in the design of criminal procedure, so that they embody a second-order progressive relationship, and then give consideration to the freedom and control of cognition. At the level of “autonomy”, it is necessary to ensure that the cognitive subject of criminal procedure has an independent procedure status, drive the realization of “autonomy” through “subjectivity”, and reflect internalized “autonomy” in the design of procedures; At the level of “controllability”, it is necessary to ensure that the cognitive decision-making process of criminal procedure subjects performing different functions cannot be simplified, merged, or even confused. Their cognitive decision-making process should receive sufficient procedural prompts and monitoring, and fully explain the cognitive decisions that directly affect the procedures and results.