作者：陈璇
作者介绍：中国人民大学刑事法律科学研究中心研究员
出版日期：2019年4月9日
内容提要 我国的正当防卫研究亟需改变“重要件内容、轻判断标准”的现状。根据赋权事由与免责事由的区分，正当防卫客观要件判断标准的争议焦点在于，在主观认知与客观事实不符的情况下，是否应当肯定行为人在一定范围内仍享有以受损者的忍受义务为特征的侵入权利。正当防卫误判特权的边界，应当根据归责原理来加以划定:首先，当行为人对侵害的存否发生误判时，由于受损方并未通过任何违法行为制造利益冲突，故应坚持事后的判断标准，否定行为人享有误判特权。其次，当行为人对侵害的严重程度和是否仍在持续发生误判时，由于利益冲突的出现可归责与受损方，故应当采取防卫人个人化的事前标准，在合理误判的范围内承认防卫人享有误判特权。
关键词 正当防卫 误判特权 判断标准 防卫限度
Abstract: The research of justifiable defense in China urgently needs to change the current situation of attaching importance to the content of essentials and neglecting the judgment standard. In accordance with the distinction of empowerment cause and exemption cause, the dispute focus of the judgment standard for objective essentials of justifiable defense lies in that under the circumstance of inconformity of subjective cognition and objective fact, whether it should be affirmed that within limits the actor still enjoys the intrusion right with the feature of tolerance obligation of damaged persons. The boundary of misjudgment privilege in justifiable defense should be delimited according to accountability principle: First, when the actor misjudges the existence of infringement, as the damaged does not make interest conflict through any illegal acts, the ex-post judgment standard should be insisted, and the misjudgment privilege enjoyed by the actor should be denied. Second, when the actor misjudges the severity of infringement and misjudges whether the misjudgment is still happening, as the emergence of interest conflict can be attributed to the damaged party, the ex-ante standard of individualization of the defender should be applied, and the misjudgment privilege enjoyed by the defender within the range of reasonable misjudgment should be admitted.