作者：张明楷
作者介绍：清华大学法学院教授
出版日期：2019年6月9日
内容提要 结果归属可以分为三种类型:通常的结果归属(客观归责)、严格的结果归属与缓和的结果归属。将他人自杀死亡的结果归属于行为人的引起行为，就是典型的缓和的结果归属。缓和的结果归属具有两个特点:一是结果归属的条件缓和，即尽管不符合通常的结果归属条件，但仍然将结果归属于行为人的行为;二是结果归属后的刑事责任追究比较缓和，即虽然将自杀死亡结果归属于行为人的引起行为，但并非令行为人承担故意杀人罪、过失致人死亡罪的刑事责任，只是使行为人承担相对较轻犯罪的刑事责任或者作为从重处罚的情节。缓和的结果归属具有中国特色，在当下有其存在的原因与理由，不能以德国的客观归责理论为标准否定中国的缓和的结果归属现象。相反，一部分缓和的结果归属现象可以得到维持，与此同时，也要从构成要件的行为、因果关系、主观责任方面对缓和的结果归属现象进行适当限制，并禁止基于缓和的结果归属对行为人适用加重的法定刑。
关键词 缓和的结果归属 类型 因果关系 主观责任
Abstract: The attribution of results theory can be divided into three types: the common attribution of result (namely, the Objective Imputation Theory), the strict attribution of results and the soft attribution of results. If attributing the other person's death of suicide to the actor's causal behavior, it is typical of the soft attribution of results. The soft attribution of results has two characteristics: One characteristic is the soft of the attribution condition. Even though the attribution condition is not qualified for the common attribution of result, the result can still be attributed to the actor's causal behavior; the second characteristic is the soft of the criminal liability imposed on the actor. Although the death result is attributed to the actor's causal behavior, the actor shall not be imposed criminal liability for the crime of intentional killing or the crime of negligence homicide. The soft attribution will only impose the actor to take criminal liability for relatively minor crime or consider the causal behavior to be one of the circumstances for heavier punishment. The soft attribution of results has Chinese characteristics. There are causes and reasons for the existence of the soft attribution theory in present. The Objective Imputation Theory in Germany cannot be taken as a standard rule to deny the specific phenomena of the soft attribution of results in China. On the contrary, some phenomena of the soft attribution of results can be maintained. At the same time, the soft attribution of results will be appropriately limited by the conduct of constitutional elements, the causal relationship and the subjective liability. Also, the soft attribution of results will be forbidden to be used as conditions for upgrading penalty imposed on the actor.