作者：钱玉林
作者介绍：华东政法大学经济法学院教授
出版日期：2021年2月9日
内容提要 对“股权转让”的不同认识，导致了股权转让纠纷的不同处理。司法裁判 倾向于将股权转让合同与股权处分作为两个不同的问题，并将股权处分解释为准物权行为 来处理股权转让纠纷。债权行为与物权行为是基于财产行为的分类，而股权具有财产和人 身的属性，有限责任公司股权转让的限制主要是基于人合性，而非对股权财产性权利的限 制，加之我国立法上并未引入物权行为的理论和制度，因此对股权转让行为区分为债权行为 和准物权行为，缺乏理论和制定法的基础。股权转让合同承担着债权合意和物权合意的双 重意思表示功能，应将股权转让合同区分为合同效力和合同履行两个不同的问题。股权变 动行为是履行股权转让合同义务的行为，与股权转让合同约定的给付义务同处于股权转让 合同法律关系之中。股权转让合同的效力受《民法典》的调整；股权转让合同的履行受《民 法典》和《公司法》特别规定的共同调整。《公司法》修订时应处理好与《民法典》的协调； 应处理好维护公司的人合性与股权转让自由之间的平衡。
关键词 股权转让行为 合同效力 合同履行 《公司法》第 71 条 《公司法》修订
Abstract: Different understandings of‘share transfer’lead to different handling of disputes over share transfer. Judicial judgments tend to regard the share transfer contract and share disposal as two issues and interpret the share disposal as quasi juristic act of real right to deal with share transfer disputes. The act of debt and the juristic act of real right are classified based on the property act, and the share has property and personal attributes. The share transfer limit in limited liability companies is mainly based on partnership rather than the limitation on the rights of share. Since China has not introduced the theory and system of the juristic act of real right in legislation, there is a lack of theory and legal basis to divide the share transfer into the act of debt and quasi juristic act of real right. The share transfer contract undertakes the function of dual declaration of will, which is the consensus of the creditor’s right and the real right. Therefore, it should be distinguished as two issues, which are the validity of contract and the fulfillment of contract. The share transfer behavior is to fulfill the obligation of the share transfer contract and is in the same legal relationship with the payment obligation. The validity of share transfer contracts is adjusted by the Civil Code; the performance of share transfer contracts is adjusted by the Civil Code and the Company Law. The coordination between the Company Law and the Civil Code should be well dealt with when revising the law; a balance should be handled between maintaining the corporate partnership and the freedom of share transfer.