作者：任重
作者介绍：清华大学法学院副教授，法学博士
出版日期：2021年4月9日
内容提要 厘清诉讼标的与诉讼请求的关系对有机衔接民事诉讼法与民法，保障《民法 典》正确实施具有关键作用。民事诉讼立法重“诉讼请求”与理论研究重“诉讼标的”的二 元格局，不仅造成实践与理论的分离，而且是“同案不同判”的重要成因。在传统诉讼标的理 论语境下，苏联法和德国法均坚持一元模式。随着我国诉讼标的识别标准逐渐从民事法律关 系回归民事权利主张，以《民法典》的颁布实施为重大历史机遇，1982 年《民事诉讼法（试 行）》以来的传统二元模式亟待转换为修正的一元模式：一方面，理解与适用诉讼请求规范应 以一元模式为原则，即将诉讼请求解读为诉讼标的；另一方面，诉的声明（请求范围）意义上 的诉讼请求仍可能在若干诉讼制度中发挥作用，尤其是诉讼请求变更及其释明以及诉讼时效 中断事由。尽管如此，作为起诉条件以及重复起诉识别标准的诉讼请求依旧应坚持一元模式。 上述转型不仅是新中国 70 余年来民事诉讼重大基础理论模式变迁的集中缩影，而且是法的一 般理论与部门法基础理论融会贯通的具体例证。
关键词 诉讼请求 诉讼标的 民法典 请求权竞合 重复起诉 诉讼时效
Abstract: The reconstruction of the relationship between the object of litigation and the claim plays a key role in the connection between the civil procedure law and civil law, and ensuring the implementation of the Civil Code. The opposition between the focus of civil litigation legislation on the claim and the focus of theoretical research on the object of litigation has not only brought about the separation of practice and theory, but also caused‘different judgments in the same case’. From the perspective of the traditional theory of the object of litigation, the civil procedure law and its theory of the Soviet Union and Germany adhere to the unitary model. With the gradual return of the identification standard of the object of litigation from the civil legal relationship to the substantive claim, the traditional dual model based on the Civil Procedure Law of 1982 (For Trial Implementation) needs to be reshaped. On the one hand, the unitary model should be used as the principle in the understanding and application of the relevant litigation claim norms. On the other hand, the claim in the sense of declaration of action may still play an important role in some litigation systems, especially the change of claim and its interpretation and the interruption of limitation of action. Nevertheless, the‘claim’, as the condition of prosecution and the identification standard of repeated prosecution, should still be understood as the object of action. The reconstruction of the relationship between the object of litigation and the claim is not only a concentrated microcosm of the changes in the mode of the major basic theory of civil litigation in the past 70 years in New China but also a specific illustration of the integration of the general theory of law and the basic theory of departmental law.