作者：熊丙万
作者介绍：中国人民大学民商事法律科学研究中心副研究员、法学院副教授，法学博士
出版日期：2021年4月9日
内容提要 《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国民法典〉时间效力的若干规定》 为《民法典》的过渡施行活动提供了十分重要的规范指引，有助于保障其过渡施行质效，但仍 存在规定条文数量较少、一般规定语义模糊、具体规定指涉偏差等不足，有必要从原则和规则 两个层面作进一步梳理。在一般原则层面，《立法法》第 93 条确立的有利溯及原则主要以刑 事法律为规范原型，但民事法律调整的社会关系在属性上不同于刑事法律，在“有利溯及”外， 还需坚持有序溯及原则和重大公益溯及原则。在具体规则层面，有必要准确识别《民法典》 对既有民事单行法的纂修场景，在区分法律行为与非法律行为的基础上，侧重从意定交往目标 之实现、法定政策目标之实现这两个视角，分别判断《民法典》新规适用于过往民事法律事实 是否满足“有利”“有序”或“重大公益”之要求；在区分可分割的与不可分割的持续性法 律事实的基础上，分别判断《民法典》新规对持续性法律事实和由瞬间性法律事实引发的持 续性法律关系的溯及力。
关键词 民法典 溯及力 有利溯及 有序溯及 重大公益溯及
Abstract: Several Provisions on the Temporal Effects of the Application of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China provides essential guidelines on the transitional implementation of the Civil Code, and guarantees the quality of such implementation. Yet there are still drawbacks such as the insufficiency of the number of provisions, the ambiguity of general provisions and the inaccuracy of specific provisions’ scope of application. And it is necessary to further clarify these provisions at levels of both principles and rules. At the level of general principles, the principle of favorable retroactivity established in article 93 of the Law of Legislation largely takes criminal laws as its prototype. But the social relations governed by civil laws are in nature different from criminal laws. Besides favorable retroactivity, the principles of retroactivity for order and retroactivity for compelling public interests should also be acknowledged. At the level of specific rules, it is necessary to identify the accurate manner in which the Civil Code amended previous civil laws. When judging whether the retroactive application of certain new provision of the Civil Code meets the requirement of‘favor’,‘order’or‘compelling public interests’, it is important to first distinguish juridical acts from non-juridical acts, and then consider the realization of the goal of voluntary communications and that of public policies respectively. The judgment of the retroactive effect of certain new provision of the Civil Code on continuing legal facts and continuing legal relations arising from instantaneous legal facts shall be based on the divisibility of such facts and relations.