作者：翟远见
作者介绍：中国政法大学比较法学研究院副教授，法学博士
出版日期：2021年4月9日
内容提要 宣告死亡及其撤销在婚姻关系上的效力规则颇为复杂。《民法典》第 51 条 的规定基本吸收了原《民通意见》第 37 条的制度经验，并在后者的基础上作了进一步的完善。 如果直接将该条文解释为下落不明之人被宣告死亡后，其婚姻关系自宣告死亡之日立即绝对 消灭，与法条意图不合，恐多有不妥。为了准确适用《民法典》的这一最新规定，需要对其文 义进行目的性限缩。依规范意旨，应当认为婚姻关系自生存配偶有效再婚时才开始消灭；在 生存配偶再婚之前，被宣告死亡的人并不享有再婚的自由；仅当生存配偶和新婚姻相对人皆 为善意时，生存配偶的再婚方为有效。
关键词 宣告死亡 死亡宣告撤销 婚姻效力 目的性限缩
Abstract: The rules governing the legal effects of declarations of death and their revocation in marriage are pretty complex. Although the provision of article 51 of the Civil Code basically absorbs the institutional experience of article 37 of the previous Supreme People’s Court’s Opinions on Several Issues concerning the Implementation of the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China (For Trial Implementation), and makes a further improvement on the basis of the latter, it is not consistent with the intent of the law and is improper if the provision is directly interpreted as after the person whose whereabouts remains unknown is declared dead, the marriage is absolutely dissolved since the date of declaration of death. In order to accurately apply the latest provision of the Civil Code, it is necessary to use the purposive limiting methods to interpret it. According to the normative intention, it should be considered that the marriage relationship only begins to be eliminated when the surviving spouse is effectively remarried; The person declared dead does not enjoy the freedom to remarry until the surviving spouse remarries; Remarriage of the surviving spouse is valid only when both the surviving spouse and the counterpart of the new marriage are in good faith.