作者：宋志红
作者介绍：中央财经大学法学院教授
出版日期：2021年6月9日
内容提要 《民法典》规定的农村集体经济组织代表农民集体行使土地所有权，实则是 农村集体经济组织直接代表全体集体成员行使所有权，农民集体成员与农村集体经济组织成 员完全同一。作为特别法人的新型农村集体经济组织本身是农民集体法人化改造的结果，其 一旦设立，便直接依法对集体土地享有法人所有权。农民集体所有与农村集体经济组织所有 并存的现象，体现了集体所有在不同制度层面（所有制—所有权）和不同历史时期的不同表 现形式，是同一事物的不同面相。作为土地所有权承载主体的农村集体经济组织，应与农民集 体具有唯一对应性、成员和财产范围同一性、利益一致性，其责任财产应具有特殊性——排除 土地等资源性资产所有权，其表决机制和收益分配应基于公有制逻辑体现封闭性和均等性。 农村集体经济组织法人所有不违反公有制，改革实践中应着力区分农村集体经济组织本身与 其对外投资或合作而形成的经营体，避免将农村集体经济组织“泛化”。
关键词 农民集体 农村集体经济组织 土地所有权 集体产权制度改革
Abstract: According to the Civil Code, the rural economic collective exercises land ownership on behalf of the farmer collective. In fact, the rural economic collective directly exercises ownership on behalf of all collective members. The members of the rural economic collective are completely the same as the members of the farmer collective. As a special legal person, the new rural economic collective itself is the result of the legal person transformation of the farmer collective. Once it is established, it will directly enjoy legal person ownership of collective land in accordance with the law. The coexistence of collective farmer ownership and rural economic collective ownership reflects collective ownership at different institutional levels (ownership system-ownership) and different historical periods. Different manifestations are different aspects of the same thing. As the subject of land ownership, the rural economic collective should have unique correspondence with the farmer collective. Their members, property extent and interests are identical. The responsibility for the property should have the particularity that excludes the ownership of land and other resource assets and the rural economic collective’s voting mechanism and profit distribution should be based on the logic of public ownership to reflect closure and equality. The ownership of rural economic collective does not violate public ownership. In the reform practice, the definition of rural economic collective is too broad. Efforts should be made to distinguish between the rural economic collective and the operating entities formed by external investment or cooperation.