作者：单平基
作者介绍：东南大学法学院副教授，法学博士
出版日期：2021年8月9日
内容提要 对自然资源国家所有权的定性，需嵌入整个 自然资源权利链条中，而非孤立 地 “平面化”进行。自然资源之上的权利呈现极强层次性。自然资源全民所有形态是自然 资源各层次权利的基石，决定着 自然资源在宪法及民法上的国家归属，也影响着 自然资源用 益物权的平等配置理念。但是，全民所有形态不是法律概念，只有过渡到宪法上所有权 （《宪 法》第9条），才能使 自然资源获得法律保护，并需进一步转换为私法层面的权利 （《民法典》 第247条），才能将 自然资源视作私权客体。伴随主权国家（《宪法》第9条 ）向国家法人（《民 法典》第 247条 ）的主体转化，自然资源在宪法上的所有权转变成民法上的所有权，为后者 派生本质同为私权的自然资源用益物权 （《民法典》第328、329条 ）及生成自然资源产品 所有权提供可能。强调自然资源之上权利的层次性，并非否定权利平等性，而是理顺不同权 利之 间的过渡 、转化、派生及生成关系，彰显 自然资源负载利益的公共性。
关键词 自然资源全民所有 宪法上国家所有权 民法上国家所有权 自然资源用益物权 自然资源产品所有权
Abstract:The nature of national ownership of natural resources needs to be embedded in the whole chain of natural resources rights rather than being flat in isolation. Rights over natural resources are highly stratified. The ownership of natural resources by the entire people is the cornerstone of all levels of rights in natural resources, which determines the national ownership of natural resources in the Constitution and civil law, and also affects the concept of equal allocation of usufructuary rights of natural resources. However, the form of universal ownership is not a legal concept, and only the transition to constitutional ownership in article 9 of the Constitution can make natural resources protected by law, and it needs to be further converted into the right of private law in article 247 of the Civil Code before natural resources can be regarded as the object of personal rights. With the transformation of the sovereign state(article 9 of the Constitution) to the national legal person(article 247 of the Civil Code), the constitutional ownership of natural resources is transformed into the ownership of civil law, which makes it possible for the latter to derive the usufructuary rights of natural resources(articles 328 and 329 of the Civil Code) and to generate the ownership of natural resource products. Emphasizing the hierarchy of rights over natural resources is not to negate the equality of rights, but to straighten out the transition, transformation, derivation and generation relations between different rights and to show the publicity of the benefits of natural resources.