作者：刘明祥
作者介绍：中国人民大学刑事法律科学研究中心教授
出版日期：2021年12月9日
内容提要 共同犯罪以什么为“共同”，在刑法学界早就有争议。我国刑法采取不区分 正犯与共犯的单一正犯体系，所以应当将此问题纳入该体系的犯罪参与共同性的范畴来思 考，而不能用立足于区分制体系的行为共同说或部分犯罪共同说来作解释。我国刑法中的 “共同犯罪”不同于德、日刑法中的“共同正犯”“共犯”，“共同犯罪的共同性”与“共同 正犯的共同性”或“共犯的共同性”也不相同。由于单一正犯体系对数人共同参与的犯罪 采取与单个人犯罪基本相同的定罪规则，在定罪阶段不涉及如何认定共同犯罪，只是到了量 刑（处罚）阶段才关注该问题，故不需要通过扩大解释共同犯罪的共同性来解决像德、日那 样的对参与者难以定罪和处罚不均衡的问题。
关键词 犯罪参与 共同犯罪 共同正犯 共犯
Abstract: The connotation of‘joint’in joint crime has long been controversial in the criminal law field. The criminal law of China adopts the single principal offender system without distinguishing between principal offenders and accomplices. Therefore, the issue should be considered in the system from the perspective of commonality of criminal participation, and cannot be explained by the theory of behavior in common or the theory of crimes in common partly based on the dualistic differentiation model. The‘joint crime’in the criminal law of China is different from the‘joint principal’and‘accomplice’in German and Japanese criminal law, and the‘commonality of joint crime’is also different from the‘commonality of joint principals’ or‘commonality of accomplices’. The single principal offender system adopts basically the same conviction rules for the crime involving several people as a crime committed by a single person. As a result, the joint crime is determined at the sentencing (punishment) stage, not at the conviction stage. Therefore, there is no need to expand the commonality of joint crime to solve the problem of conviction and punishment of participants like Germany and Japan.