作者：陈永生
作者介绍：北京大学法学院教授
出版日期：2021年12月9日
内容提要 司法鉴定出现错误是造成冤假错案的重要原因，防范冤假错案要求对司法 鉴定制度进行系统反思。司法对科技的应用大幅度提高了裁判的客观性与权威性，这导致 不少司法人员对鉴定意见存在迷信心理。司法人员过分迷信鉴定意见存在严重风险：有些 鉴定技术的原理可能不可靠；鉴定人员可能因受到动机偏见、认知偏见的影响而出具错误的 鉴定意见。我国刑事司法对鉴定意见的审查机制极为薄弱，办案人员迷信鉴定意见的现象 非常普遍；司法鉴定缺乏遏制和发现偏见的机制，实践中动机偏见和认知偏见问题都比较严 重；当事人对鉴定程序的参与权受到严格限制，不利于防范司法对鉴定的迷信。要解决这些 问题，需要对我国刑事司法鉴定制度进行系统重构。
关键词 司法鉴定意见 认知偏见 鉴定监督
Abstract: Errors in judicial expertise are an important reason for wrongful convictions, and the prevention of wrongful convictions requires a systematic reflection of the judicial expertise system. The application of science and technology in justice has substantially enhanced the objectivity and authority of judgment, which causes a number of judicial officers to be superstitious about expert opinion. There is a serious risk that judicial officers are overly superstitious about expert opinion. The principles of some expertise techniques may be unreliable; individuals engaged in judicial expertise may be influenced by motivational bias or cognitive bias and issue incorrect expert opinions. In China, the review mechanism of criminal justice for expert opinion is very weak, and it is very common for people handling a case to be superstitious about judicial expertise; the judicial expertise system lacks mechanisms to contain and discover bias, so motivational and cognitive bias are serious in practice; the parties’ right to participate in judicial expertise is severely limited, which is extremely disadvantageous to preventing the superstition of justice about expertise. To address these issues, a systematic restructuring of China’s criminal judicial expertise system is required.