作者：曹志勋
作者介绍：北京大学法学院助理教授，法学博士
出版日期：2020年2月9日
内容提要 在立案登记制改革背景下，应当关注和反思民事起诉要件中蕴含的诉讼标 的明确与识别问题，最直接相关的是 《民事诉讼法》第 119条第3项规定的诉讼请求、事实 和理由三个要件。与大陆法系经验和我国实践一致，诉讼请求最基础的含义是原告请求法 院判令的具体内容 （诉的声明）。即使文义允许，起诉要件中的诉讼请求也不应被解释为诉 讼标的。通常的起诉理由及起诉案由均不应成为起诉要件，也就不影响立案诉讼标的的审 查，但是例外在于诉讼标的旧实体法说下与诉讼标的直接相关的请求权基础。在应然状态 下，登记制下的我国立案程序不应将诉讼标的明确作为起诉要件审查，法院应当在受理案件 之后，将诉讼标的纳入诉讼要件审查的范围。但是从实然出发，现阶段也可以通过改良旧实 体法说放宽对诉讼标的明确的要求，允许以选择合并为代表的、多元诉的客观合并形态。
关键词 立案登记 诉讼标的 诉讼请求 诉的声明 事实与理由
Abstract: Under the reform of the registration system for case docket, we should focus and reflect on whether the subject matter of a civil claim(Streitgegenstand) ought to be identified and clarified. Item 3 of article 119 of the Civil Procedure Law, which regulates on the claim, factual and legal grounds of a lawsuit, stands as the major source of research. In accordance with the continental legal tradition and the Chinese legal practice, the fundamental meaning of the requirement for a concrete claim refers to the specific relief sought by the claimant(Antrag). Although this required condition of "claim" could point at the subject matter of a civil process itself, during the docketing phase this approach to interpretation is not desirable. Ideally, the legal reason part of the claim form and the suggested cause of action of the claimant should not be regarded as any precondition for bringing a lawsuit and therefore have no connection with the subject matter issue. The exception is that the specific grounds for the right of the claim(Anspruch) in the traditional substantive law theory, which could also be classified as some legal reason, relate to the subject matter of a civil claim. Nevertheless, considering the new registration system for the case docket, the subject matter of the lawsuit should not be considered as an element of prosecution. The court should bring the subject matter of lawsuit into the scope of review of the element of the lawsuit after accepting the case. In practice, based on the modification of the traditional substantive law theory of the subject matter, there should at least be multiple possibilities of consolidating claims, among which the elective accumulation of claims(alternative Klagenhäufung) is one reasonable illustration.