作者：董念清
作者介绍：中国民航管理干部学院教授
出版日期：2020年2月9日
内容提要 条约的适用是国际法上一个重大的理论问题，也是国内法院在司法审判中 必须面对的实践问题。1929年 《华沙公约》建立了强制性适用原则，只要是公约定义的国 际运输，必须适用公约。这一原则被其后包括 1999年 《蒙特利尔公约》在内的国际航空私 法条约予以继承和保留，成为国际航空私法条约的鲜明特色。以《华沙公约》为代表的国际 航空私法条约，其适用并未完全遵循国际法传统的条约适用理论，当事人国籍国是否批准条 约并不是适用的前提条件，而是取决于航空运输合同所确定的始发地点和目的地点所在的 国家是不是公约的缔约国或当事国，并以此为基础，建立起国际航空私法条约自身不同于其 他国际法条约的适用理论和规则体系。“地点标准”是 《华沙公约》适用的核心标准，其在 一定程度上突破了条约适用的一般理论，是对条约适用一般理论的发展，是条约适用上的重 要创新。司法实践中，应抛弃固有思维，从条约文本规定出发，才可避免法律适用上的错误。
关键词 国际航空私法 华沙公约 蒙特利尔公约 强制性适用 地点标准
Abstract: The application of treaties is a major theoretical issue in international law and a problem that domestic courts must face in judicial trials. The Warsaw Convention of 1929 established the principle of compulsory application. As long as it is international carriage as defined in the Convention, it must be applied. This principle was inherited and retained by subsequent private international air law treaties, including the Montreal Convention of 1999, and has become a distinctive feature of private international air law treaties. The application of the private international air law treaties represented by the Warsaw Convention does not fully follow the traditional treaty application theory of international law. Whether the party's state of nationality ratifies the treaty is not a prerequisite for application. It depends on whether the state of departure or destination place determined by the air carriage contract is the high contracting party or state party. Based on this, a system of applicable theories and rules for private international air law treaties that are different from other international treaties is established. The "place standard" is the core standard applicable to the Warsaw Convention. It breaks through the general theory of treaty application to a certain extent, is a development of the general theory of treaty application, and an important innovation in treaty application. In judicial practice, it is necessary to abandon inherent thinking and proceed from the provisions of the treaty to avoid errors in the application of law.