作者：陈国平
作者介绍：中国社会科学院法学研究所副研究员
出版日期：2020年8月9日
内容提要 明朝中后期吏治腐败非常严重，其突出而普遍的表现是“姑息之弊”，即我 们今天所讲的官僚主义。为治理“姑息之弊”，张居正在改革中强力推行考成法。考成法由 考成事例、加以补充和完善的事例、六部的相关规定组成，构成了一个严密的系统。考成法 得到了切实的贯彻执行，比较成功地克服了“姑息之弊”，并推动其他改革措施落到实处，为 实现富国强兵的目标提供了有力的保证。但考成法自身也有局限，导致在张居正死后被终 止。考成法的实施情况对我们今天克服官僚主义具有重要的参考借鉴价值。
关键词 张居正改革 考成法 姑息之政 官僚主义
Abstract: Corruption among government officials had become a serious problem in middle and late Ming Dynasty. The most prominent and common manifestation of this problem was the so-called‘guxi zhibi’(the attitude of tolerance, connivance and irresponsibility towards corruption), which was similar to what we call‘bureaucratism’today. To deal with this problem, Zhang Juzheng aggressively implemented the system of‘Kaochengfa’(a government official performance appraisal system) in his reform.‘Kaochengfa’was a strict system consisting of imperial edicts or rules on the appraisal of government officials, supplemented and improved rules on the appraisal of government officials, and relevant provisions of the six boards of the imperial government. The effective implementation of this system had enabled the government to successfully overcome the problem of‘guxi zhibi’, promoted the implementation of other reform measures, and provided a strong guarantee for the realization of the goal of making the country rich and building up its military power. Despite its success, this system had its limitations, which led to its abolition after the death of Zhang Juzheng.‘Kaochengfa’and its implementation are of important reference value to us today in overcoming bureaucratism.