作者：李广德
作者介绍：中国社会科学院法学研究所助理研究员，法学博士
出版日期：2020年10月9日
内容提要 公共卫生法作为维护公众健康这一“共同善”的规则体系，既是规范国家 公共卫生权力行使的规制法，也是保障公众健康利益和个人生命自由的权利法。权力羁束 与权利保障构成公共卫生法治的两大主题。现代公共卫生法治的实施依赖于包括税收、信 息环境改变、经济差异处置、直接规制、间接侵权机制等在内的规制工具，并随着公共卫生模 式的变迁而逐渐扩大国家权力干预的范围和边界，形成了“紧急公共卫生法治”和“常规 公共卫生法治”并存的二元格局。我国公共卫生法治体系在规范创制、行政执法、司法运行 和守法机制等方面既形成和积累了一定的制度资源，但也存在一定的短板与不足，应通过规 划公共卫生法典的方式协同规范体系建设，贯彻“将健康融入所有政策”的执法机制，强化 以裁判功能为中心的司法保障体系，构建以健康促进机制为核心的公共卫生守法体制，最终 实现公共卫生治理的现代化和法治化目标。
关键词 公共卫生法 公共卫生法理 公共卫生法治 健康权利保障
Abstract: The public health law, as a common good rule system that safeguards the public health, is not only a regulatory law that regulates the exercise of administrative power of the nation’s public health department, but also a guarantee law that protects public health rights and individual freedom rights. Power restraint and rights protection constitute the two major themes of the rule of law in public health. The implementation of the rule of law in modern public health relies on a variety of regulatory instruments including taxation, changes in the information environment, economic intervention, direct intervention, and indirect tort mechanisms. With the changes in public health models, the scope and boundaries of state power intervention have been gradually expanded. The dualistic pattern of the rule of public health law comprises the emergency public health rule of law and the conventional public health rule of law. China’s public health legal system has formed and accumulated certain institutional resources in terms of the normative system, law enforcement mechanism, judicial operation and law-abiding mechanisms, but there are also some shortcomings. We should plan for the legislation of public health law to integrate the enforcement mechanism of all policies, strengthen the adjudicative function of the judicial system, build a public health law-abiding system with the health-promoting mechanism as the core, and finally realize the goals of modernization of the governance of public health and the rule of law.