作者：劳东燕
作者介绍：清华大学法学院副教授，法学博士
出版日期：2015年4月9日
内容提要 刑法的结果归责中,"归因—归责"二分说框架对归因的简单定位,扭曲了归因与归责之间的关系。由归因层面存在论基础的差异入手,有必要从支配与义务两大维度去把握刑法中的结果归责类型。除主流理论认可的造成型因果、引起型因果与义务型因果的类型外,由疫学因果与风险升高代表的概率提升型因果,应视为新的归责类型。应当引入类型思维,借助支配力、支配可能性与归责的有效性的参数,对结果归责的类型展开考察。区分不同的结果归责类型在规范层面有重要意义,对实务中疑难案件的处理也有助益。事实因果的判断中,有必要引入NESS(即充分原因中的必要要素)标准与概率提升标准,以弥补条件公式之不足。
关键词 因果关系 结果归责 客观归责 风险升高 疫学因果
Abstract: The superficial definition of attributes in the framework of attribute-liability distorts their links. Consequence-based liabilities in Criminal Law, with differences in attribute as outset，are necessarily approached from the angle of manipulation and Obligation. Epidemiology and chance characterized by rising risks, in addition to causing, touching off, and obligating cause-and-effect，should be viewed as new liability types. Consequence-based liabilities are transiting in paradigm. The cause-and-effect with the relation theory as its foundation is giving way to liability focused on norms and consequences. The thinking way of sorting should be brought in to investigate on the consequence-based liability types with the aid of probable manipulation and effective liability. The discrimination of consequence-based liability types is significant to paradigm and conducive to tough cases in practice. Ness and chance should be introduced in cause-and-effect in facts to make up for conditional formula.