作者：郑金玉
作者介绍：河南大学法学院副教授，法学博士
出版日期：2015年12月9日
内容提要 “规制虚假诉讼”被普遍认为是第三人撤销之诉的制度目的，然而我国《民 事诉讼法》相关条文对此并无反映，实践中“虚假诉讼”也没有成为法院裁判此类案件的主 要考量。我国第三人撤销之诉六项法定构成要件中，三项程序要件的理解与适用较为简 单，原告的起诉不能满足其要求的，法院多数会在实体审理前予以驳回。原告主体适格问 题较为复杂，一方面呈现程序要件的特征，另一方面又有显著的实体要件特征。此外，通过 裁判文书可以看出，“原裁判错误”这一要件的运行有复杂化倾向。为适度简化第三人撤 销之诉的司法实践，法院应以原告的权利依据为中心，综合审理、判断“原告主体适格”、 “权益受损”和“原裁判错误”这三项实体要件。同时，为规范该类诉讼的程序运行，增强审 理的条理性，减少裁判的随意性，法院应重视构成要件与程序阶段、裁判结果之间的对应关 系，并合理安排各个要件的审理( 查) 顺序。
关键词 第三人撤销之诉 构成要件 虚假诉讼 原告适格
Abstract: Preventing false lawsuit is generally considered as the purpose of the third party opposition procedure． However，the relevant provisions in the Civil Procedure Law of China do not reflect the purpose，and the courts also ignore it in practice． So the false lawsuit does not play as the important role in the third party opposition procedure． Among the 6 constitutive elements of the third party opposition procedure，the procedural elements are relatively simple，and the lawsuit cannot meet the requirements of these elements，court will dismiss the prosecution before the filing of action． The qualification of plaintiff is more complex，on the one hand，it presents the characteristic of the procedural element，and in the simple case，the court will identify it in the pre-trail procedure and even on the filing． On the other hand， the qualification of plaintiff has significant substantive characteristic． In complicated case，the court will identify it combined with the plaintiff’s substantive rights and the substantive relationship in the former litigation，and even through hearing of the specific facts of the case． In addition，the operation on correcting mistake in the result of the original judgment has a complex tendency． In order to simplify the procedure of the litigation， court may take the plaintiff’s substantive right as the center，then comprehensive try “the qualification of plaintiff”，“damages”and“mistakes in the result of the original judgment”． At the same time，in order to regulate the practice of the third party opposition procedure， improve the orderliness of trial，reduce the randomness of the adjudicating，the court should pay more attention to the corresponding relationship between the constitutive elements of legal norm，the procedure，and the results of the judges，and reasonably arrange the trial order of the elements．