作者：许瑞超
作者介绍：厦门大学法学院助理教授，法学博士
出版日期：2025年12月9日
内容提要 我国宪法明确宣示其自身为“国家的根本法，具有最高的法律效力”，其逻辑基础在于我国法律体系中宪法和一般法律的二元区分，以及“宪法为高阶、一般法律为低阶”的双阶结构。我国宪法具有效力的最高性与内容的根本性，这为厘清宪法和一般法律的关系构造提供了判断基准。从宪法作为“授权—审查规范”与“实体—内容规范”的双重属性出发，宪法和一般法律的关系构造可概括为规范效力控制和规范内容确定的双重向度。规范效力控制向度对应有效性命题：法秩序是以宪法为构成条件，兼具实证性与正确性，且形式与实质均符合宪法要求的规范秩序。规范内容确定向度关联宪法化命题与具体化命题：前者表现为部门法的合宪性调适及部门法内容的宪法位阶提升；后者表现为各部门法依循宪法规范的逻辑指令，分殊化落实宪法的形式规范力与基本价值决定。宪法并非覆盖所有领域的“全能宪法”，宪法和一般法律关系构造的双重向度的实践推进，需妥善处理宪法至上性和部门法自主性之间的内在关系。
关键词 宪法 一般法律 双重至上性 规范效力控制 规范内容确定
Abstract: China’s Constitution explicitly declares itself as the ‘fundamental law of the state with supreme legal force’. Its logical basis lies in the dual distinction between the Constitution and ordinary law within China’s legal system, as well as the two-tier structure where ‘the Constitution is the higher tier and ordinary law is the lower tier’. China’s Constitution features supreme validity and fundamental content, which provides a criterion for clarifying the structural relationship between the Constitution and ordinary law. From the perspective of the Constitution’s dual attributes as a ‘authorization-review norm’ and a ‘substance-content norm’, the structural relationship between the Constitution and ordinary law can be summarized into two dimensions: the control of normative validity and the determination of normative content. Specifically, the control of normative validity relates to the validity of law. The legal order is a normative order based on the Constitution, embodies positivity and correctness, and meets the requirements of the Constitution in form and substance. The determination of normative content includes constitutionalization and concretization: the former emphasizes the constitutional adaptation of departmental laws and the elevation of their content to the constitutional level, while the latter requires each branch of law to follow the logical directives of constitutional norms and implement the formal normative force and basic values within its framework. The Constitution is not an ‘omnipotent constitution’ covering all fields. The practical advancement of the dual dimensions of the structural relationship between the Constitution and ordinary law requires properly handling the relationship between constitutional supremacy and the autonomy of departmental laws.