作者：张海燕
作者介绍：山东大学法学院教授
出版日期：2025年12月9日
内容提要 无独立请求权第三人制度作为一项诉讼参与程序，旨在为无独立请求权第三人提供一条通过参与本诉保护自身合法权益的路径。该制度具有权益保障、一次性解纷和矛盾裁判及虚假诉讼预防等多元功能，其本质决定了权益保障功能是居于第一位阶的基本功能，一次性解纷及其他功能是受基本功能引领和限定的扩展功能。无独立请求权第三人制度规范功能的设定与实践功能的发挥呈现出偏好一次性解纷而漠视权益保障的态势，此种制度功能的异化将侵害无独立请求权第三人的合法权益、动摇制度的正当性根基。而导致该功能异化的原因主要有实用主义对民事纠纷解决理念的渗透、无独立请求权第三人参诉标准模糊与本诉裁判效力扩张失范。鉴于此，应当通过系统保障无独立请求权第三人的程序权利、精准建构无独立请求权第三人参诉标准与合理设定本诉裁判效力进行规则再造。
关键词 无独立请求权第三人 制度功能 权益保障 一次性解纷
Abstract: As a litigation participation procedure, the system of third party without independent right to claim is fundamentally designed to provide a pathway for such parties to protect their legal rights and interests through involvement in the principal action. This system has multiple functions, including protecting rights and interests, resolving disputes once and for all, and preventing contradictory judgments and false litigation. Its nature determines that the protection of rights and interests is the primary basic function, while resolving disputes once and for all and other functions are derivative and must be guided and constrained by the basic function. Both the normative formulation and the practical application of this system reveal a trend of prioritizing the once-and-for-all resolution of disputes while ignoring the protection of the rights and interests. The distortion of this system’s intended functions would not only infringe upon the legitimate rights and interests of such parties but also undermine the legitimacy foundation of this system. The main reasons for this distortion are the permeation of pragmatism into the concept of civil dispute resolution, the ambiguous criteria for such parties to participate in litigation, and the defective provisions on the expansion of the binding effect of the judgment in the principal action. In view of this, the rules should be restructured through the systematic protection of procedural rights of the third party without independent right to claim, the precise formulation of such parties’ litigation participation standards, and the reasonable delineation of the effect of the judgment in the principal action.